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1st International symposium on Environmentally Conscious design and Inverse Manufacturing, Ecodesign 1999

ISBN: (纸本)0769500072

The proceedings contain 186 papers. The topics discussed include: LCA for ecodesign: the Dutch experience;beyond engineering: ecodesign as a proactive approach to product innovation;using empirical data to build an advisory tool for eco-design;why did the environmental problem occur? a discussion that focuses on defect in human knowledge;dematerialization - some implications on product design;indicators for environmentally conscious product design;models and indicators for cost-benefit analysis of a green product;extended Petri-net modeling for re-manufacturing line simulation;applying classifications of materials and energy transformations to early environmental assessment of products;environmental quality in the supply line of an original equipment manufacturer (OEM): Research & Development of an Environmental performance tool for printed board suppliers;life cycle assessment of a telecommunication product;life cycle design support based on environmental information sharing;development of environmental information systems with a distributed database;the Austrian ecodesign information point, an information platform for ECOdesign in the Internet;study on post mass production paradigm (PMPP) in the case of construction industry;the paradigm shift of science & technology and human environment;profiling cost and profitability potential associated with recovery, recycle, and reuse of spent rinse waters from semiconductor wafer rinsing processes;halogen-free new recyclable cable with low toxic gas emission;and systems evaluation of integrated treatment and recycling system for post-use electric home appliances.

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Exposure assessment strategies for work-related risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders

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SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF WORK ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH 1999年第Sup4期25卷 25-30页

作者： Burdorf, A van der Beek, A Erasmus Univ Dept Publ Hlth NL-3000 DR Rotterdam Netherlands

The design of assessment strategies depends on the risk factors of interest, features of the measurement device, feasibility considerations, and variation at the workplace. The selection of variables should permit specific etiologic inferences. Several researchers have combined different methods into a broad array of exposure measures. Other authors have converted inputs from disparate methods into a common exposure metric, varying from subjective ratings to quantitative measures such as compression forces in the lumbar back. The parameterization of an exposure variable should address the 3 principal exposure dimensions intensity, frequency, and duration. Standardized expressions of variation patterns of exposure have been suggested. An alternative approach is the modeling of exposure variability that allows for exposure assessment at the individual level. A related topic is the critical time window of risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders. This window not only requires detailed information of exposure events over time, but also appropriate characterization of episodic musculoskeletal problems.

关键词： epidemiology exposure modeling review

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Averaged coordinate reference system method for human motion analysis

Averaged coordinate reference system method for human motion...

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digital human modeling for design and engineering - International Conference and Exposition

作者： Mun, Joung H. Freeman, Jeffrey S. Rim, Kwan University of Iowa United States

Experimental analysis of human motion has been based on optical, magnetic, or electronic tracking techniques to determine body segment locations and orientations. The Average Coordinate Reference System (ACRS) method was developed to reduce experimental errors in human locomotion analysis. Experimentally measured kinematic data is used to conduct analysis in human modeling, and the model accuracy is directly related to the accuracy of the data. However, the accuracy is questionable due to skin movement, deformation of skeletal structure while in motion and limitations of commercial motion analysis systems. In this study, the ACRS method is applied to an optically-tracked segment marker system, although it can be applied to many of the others as well. Many previous studies adopted redundant marker systems, using four or five optical markers, instead of the basic three marker system to provide statistically better results of body segment position and orientation. In the ACRS method, each marker can be treated independently, as the origin of a local coordinate system for its body segment. Errors, inherent in the experimental process, result in different values for the recovered Euler angles at each origin. By employing knowledge of an initial, calibrated segment reference frame, the Euler angles at each marker location can be averaged, minimizing the effect of the skin extension and rotation. Using the proposed ACRS methodology the error is reduced when compared to the general Euler angle method commonly applied in motion analysis. Copyright © 1999 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Errors

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Measuring of human anthropometry, posture and motion

Measuring of human anthropometry, posture and motion

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digital human modeling for design and engineering - International Conference and Exposition

作者： Seitz, Thomas Bubb, Heiner Technische Universität München Germany

An electronic measurement system called PCMAN has been developed by the Institute of Ergonomics of the Technische Universität München to carry out body and posture measurements. PCMAN can produce model-like, three-dimensional images of a body quickly, reliably and precisely. The resulting data can be computer-processed using the CAD human model RAMSIS. PCMAN works with several images taken from different directions. From these, three-dimensional coordinates can be calculated by measuring corresponding points on the frames. The RAMSIS grid model can also be fitted into the subject's body measurements and posture. This is done by over-laying RAMSIS on the bitmaps of the subject and adjusting it to the subject's exact shape by changing the body surface and the location of the joints. PCMAN works with standard cameras operating at 25 frames per second. This makes it possible to study not only static postures but also whole motion sequences and thereby acquire a better understanding of human posture and motion. Copyright © 1999 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Ergonomics

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A methodological approach for the analysis of the car driver's posture

A methodological approach for the analysis of the car driver...

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digital human modeling for design and engineering - International Conference and Exposition

作者： Andreoni, Giuseppe Rabuffetti, Marco Pedotti, Antonio Centro di Bioingegneria Politecnico di Milano Italy Politecnico di Milano Dip. di Bioingegneria via C. Golgi 39 I-20133 Milano Italy

In this work a methodological approach for the analysis of the car driver's posture and of the seat performance and functionality is presented. It has been designed to integrate the information from the measurement of the driver's posture and anthropometry with the seat characteristics as described by shape and pressure map. The experimental protocol was applied on eight subjects. The data analysis allows for the definition of some new interesting parameters. An important result is the estimation of the relationship between pressure and interpenetration that represents a predictive model for pressure distribution from the anthropometrical data of the anatomical surface of the back. This should be confirmed by a wider analysis and it could lead to new instruments for the evaluation of seat prototypes. Copyright © 1999 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Automotive engineering

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modeling perceptual and motor behavior in a cognitive context

Modeling perceptual and motor behavior in a cognitive contex...

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digital human modeling for design and engineering - International Conference and Exposition

作者： Glenn, Floyd Zachary, Wayne Le Mentec, J.C. Loiederman, Eric CHI Systems Inc. United States

This paper describes a project to investigate methods and techniques to represent physical and perceptual activity in the context of cognitive models of human performance. The application of principal interest is that of constructing computer-generated forces (CGFs) for use in large-scale distributed simulations of military forces. Of the several frameworks currently in existence for simulating human behavior at both a cognitive and behavioral level, CHI Systems' COGNET toolset represents a particularly attractive foundation for creating a tool to develop and execute CGFs. COGNET already possesses features that meet many of the human behavioral requirements of computer generated force models, including particularly its orientation toward representation of realtime, multi-tasking work environments. In this paper we describe extensions in the capabilities of the COGNET system for construction of CGF applications primarily through enhancements in the areas of sensory and motor abilities and constraints, individual differences, and situational effects. Enhancements in these areas have been accomplished through a number of extensions in which new model features have been developed using recent research results and theories. Although COGNET does not currently incorporate a detailed graphic body model, it offers a versatile tool for integrating with such models with anticipated benefits both in improving the representation of visual activities for COGNET and in providing intelligent guidance for graphic body model behavior. Demonstrations of COGNET models emphasizing perceptual and motor activities are presented. Copyright © 1999 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Behavioral research

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A simple tool for the design and analysis of multiple-reflector antennas in a multi-disciplinary environment

A simple tool for the design and analysis of multiple-reflec...

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1999 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International symposium, APSURSI 1999

作者： Katz, Daniel S. Borgioli, Andrea Cwik, Tom Fu, Chuigang Imbriale, William A. Jamnejad, Vahraz Springer, Paul L. Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology 4800 Oak Grove Drive PasadenaCA91109-8099 United States University of California at Santa Barbara Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Engineering-1 Santa BarbaraCA93106 United States

ISBN: (纸本)078035639X

The process of designing and analyzing a multiple-reflector system has traditionally been time-intensive, requiring large amounts of both computational and human time. At many frequencies, a discrete approximation of the radiation integral may be used to model the system. The code which implements this physical optics (PO) algorithm was developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This paper presents a methodology and examples of use of an automated tool that performs the analysis of a complete multiple-reflector system in an integrated multi-disciplinary environment (including CAD modeling, and structural and thermal analysis) at the click of a button. This tool, named MOD Tool (Millimeter-wave Optics design Tool), has been designed and implemented as a distributed tool with a client that runs almost identically on Unix, Mac, and Windows platforms, and a server that runs primarily on a Unix workstation and can interact with parallel supercomputers with simple instruction from the user interacting with the client. © 1999 IEEE.

关键词： Physical optics

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Architectures for internet-based collaborative virtual prototyping

Architectures for internet-based collaborative virtual proto...

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ASME 1999 design engineering Technical Conferences, DETC 1999

作者： Gowda, Sanjay Jayaram, Sankar Jayaram, Uma School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Washington State University PullmanWA99164 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780791819722

Virtual Prototyping (VP) is a relatively new technology which involves the use of Virtual Reality (VR) and other computer technologies to create digital prototypes. Recently, this rapidly expanding technology has matured enough to warrant serious consideration as part of the engineering design and manufacturing process. Virtual prototyping has extended beyond the specific use of virtual reality to now include the use of next-generation Computer Aided engineering (CAE) technologies including advanced visualization systems, human modeling systems, and CAD/CAM systems. The emergence of these systems has raised significant concern regarding - the integration and concurrent use of these tools. As the use of next-generation CAE systems becomes more prevalent, engineers will continue to grapple with how, when, and where to properly use these tools in the engineering design cycle. The abundance of data generated and used by these systems places considerable burden on the engineer, who often ends up spending more time on data and. process management (e.g. transferring data from system to system, version control, system integration, etc.) rather than on the actual design problem. As these systems continue to become mainstream, the burden placed upon the engineer using these systems must be alleviated. The effective use of these tools in an integrated, synergistic fashion has not yet been realized. This paper discusses a number of distinct approaches for creating a collaborative, distributed architecture for virtual prototyping. The architectural philosophies discussed include: Product Development Approach, CAE Tool Integration Approach, User-session Approach, Functional Approach, and Black-box Approach. A final architecture, created from the value-added features of each of the discussed philosophies, was created. A prototype implementation of this architecture and its underlying technological infrastructure is briefly discussed. © 1999 American Society of Mechanical Engineers

关键词： Virtual prototyping

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Simulation of target directed movements within the CAD-Manmodel RAMSIS

Simulation of target directed movements within the CAD-Manmo...

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digital human modeling for design and engineering - International Conference and Exposition

作者： Arlt, Frank Bubb, Heiner Technische Universität München Lehrstuhl für Ergonomie Germany

The ergonomic design of automobiles has changed over in the last years. It is increasingly being transferred from the usage of two-dimensional templates of the human shape to computer-aided manmodels. So far these models were mainly used for static anthropometric investigations on the drivers workplace. Dynamic questions can be answered only very insufficiently. In the context of this work a methodology was developed to precalculate target directed human movements in a motor vehicle environment with the CAD-manmodel RAMSIS. A new two-piece model was developed. In this model dynamic boundary conditions, so called dynamic restrictions, for any movement in a car are determined, concerning outside parameters. In the following, the entire bodyposture is determined by a statistical posture probability model, considering these dynamic restrictions. A control theory of human movements was derived from the field of neurophysiology. It was adapted to the problems for the application in a manmodel. This theory is used, to generate the necessary dynamic restrictions. For the first time, a statistical angle probability model is used to make the posture prognosis. The model was generated in a preceding work and its suitability to answer dynamic questions was validated within two test series. Altogether 12 different experiments, with in each case 15 test subjects, were carried out within all fields of this work. More than 500 "dynamic "postures were measured and analysed as well as more than 2500 movements. Within this report the developed strategy, that enables a technical designer to precalculate movements of humans within the manmodel RAMSIS realistically, will be shown. This enables the designer to regard also dynamic questions for the ergonomic design of an automobile. Copyright © 1999 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Computer aided design

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SDH digital cross-connect traffic generation algorithm

SDH digital cross-connect traffic generation algorithm

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International symposium on modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS)

作者： B. Johnston H.L. Owen School of Electrical & Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA USA

Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) customers require complex connections, and cross-connect manufacturers attempt to design switching architectures and algorithms-referred henceforth as cross-connect systems-that will meet these needs. However, the designs are constrained by physical and economic considerations. Thus, the manufacturers are forced to restrict the capabilities of their designs. Such design decisions impact the customers' abilities to transmit and receive certain combinations of traffic. Simulations may be executed to evaluate the impact of the design compromises on the performance of the SDH digital cross-connect. Realistic SDH traffic, which may be utilized as inputs to these SDH switching simulations, is the desired result of this research. This paper summarizes and analyzes an algorithm that produces such connection requests.

关键词： Synchronous digital hierarchy Switches Protection Fault detection Topology Payloads Signal generators Telecommunication traffic Filling Routing

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