In this paper, a compressor structure based on complex complementary pass-transistor logic (C/sup 2/PL) is presented. Some types of 3-2 compressors in C/sup 2/PL are achieved and a number of experiments are conducted ...
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In this paper, a compressor structure based on complex complementary pass-transistor logic (C/sup 2/PL) is presented. Some types of 3-2 compressors in C/sup 2/PL are achieved and a number of experiments are conducted to optimize their performance. Two typical compressor building blocks, the 4-2 compressor and 7-3 compressor, are built and their digital neural network (DNN) applications are discussed. Compared with the complementary pass-transistor logic (CDL) designs, our simulations show that the C/sup 2/PL compressor has the best performances in power, delay and number of transistors.
This paper presents the quantitative, probabilistic approach to human rating proposed by the authors, together with the current status of this issue at NASA. The authors suggest that decisions on human rating must be ...
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This paper presents the quantitative, probabilistic approach to human rating proposed by the authors, together with the current status of this issue at NASA. The authors suggest that decisions on human rating must be made based on the probability of crew survival. The probability of crew survival, in turn, is calculated by applying probabilistic risk modeling to the space system. Not only does this yield the desired quantification for use by the decision-maker, but it results in a dynamic tool for use throughout the system life cycle to identify and focus available risk reduction resources on the system's primary risk drivers. In conclusion, while human rating can be achieved by the application of classical engineeringdesign techniques including redundancy, fault tolerance, and safety margins, it can be measured only in terms of the probability of crew survival. This ability to measure crew survival probability through probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) methods provides the framework for: 1) trade studies by which to optimize crew survival among the many competing system design variables, and 2) the most resource-efficient application of the classical engineeringdesign techniques to achieve crew survival goals.< >
This paper presents a methodology to incorporate hierarchy in the design verification process of large full custom digital CMOS circuits including the effects of statistical process variation and variation in external...
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This paper presents a methodology to incorporate hierarchy in the design verification process of large full custom digital CMOS circuits including the effects of statistical process variation and variation in external parameters like temperature and supply voltage. Behavioural models are used to describe sub-circuits on a high level of abstraction. Statistical tolerance information from the circuit level is mapped onto the behavioural models. By means of a case study on a large full custom design we show that this design verification methodology can be very efficient.< >
The authors have developed a conceptual design for a multiprocessor system to implement multidimensional digital signal processing applications. Their approach is to develop an application specific computing system in...
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The authors have developed a conceptual design for a multiprocessor system to implement multidimensional digital signal processing applications. Their approach is to develop an application specific computing system instead of a specific hardware solution. The application specific computing system can be used as a research tool for exploring new approaches to problems. In addition, it can be used to achieve high performance at reasonable costs since it can use commercially available processors. They present a performance evaluation of our system using the 2-D FIR filter as an example. They explain their approach to implementing the 2-D FIR filter by first reviewing their previous implementation of the 2-D IIR filter.< >
A design algorithm for two-layer feedforward neural networks (2FNNs) for discrete input-output mapping is proposed. In this algorithm, uniformly quantized discrete weights are used, which could be in the form of eithe...
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A design algorithm for two-layer feedforward neural networks (2FNNs) for discrete input-output mapping is proposed. In this algorithm, uniformly quantized discrete weights are used, which could be in the form of either one-powers-of-two (OPOT) values or sum-of-powers-of-two (SPOT) values. The simplified sigmoid activation functions (SSAFs) are used at hidden neurons and the step functions are used at output neurons to further reduce the hardware implementation cost. Simulation results indicate that such networks can retain nearly identical recall performances as those of the corresponding networks using continuous weights and sigmoid activation functions (SAFs), while having increased computational speed in applications and reduced cost in digital hardware implementation.< >
As a rule, modern technical systems consist of components from different disciplines (mechanics, electrical engineering, electro-magnetics, hydraulics, etc.). Typical examples are the so-called mechatronic systems. Th...
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As a rule, modern technical systems consist of components from different disciplines (mechanics, electrical engineering, electro-magnetics, hydraulics, etc.). Typical examples are the so-called mechatronic systems. These are systems whose basic structure is usually a mechanical one with mostly higher transmission bandwidth and which are completed by actuators and sensors for a better statical and dynamical behaviour. Their special efficiency is due to a combination with information-processing systems; these are usually digital control elements. The considerable complexity of systems of this kind requires systematization of the design process, as regards model generation, system analysis and synthesis. This, however, is indissolubly linked to software support covering the entire design cycle. This is the starting point for my contribution which will present a uniform system description language for various technical disciplines. It is the basis of a graphics-oriented, interactive design environment for developing and realizing mechatronic systems which will be exemplified in detail by their modelling and nonlinear simulation.< >
We describe a method for generating logic simulation code which correctly responds to any number of undefined logic values at the code inputs. The method is based on our development of the ordered ternary decision dia...
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We describe a method for generating logic simulation code which correctly responds to any number of undefined logic values at the code inputs. The method is based on our development of the ordered ternary decision diagram, itself based on Kleenean ternary logic, which explicitly and correctly manages the unknown logic value 'U' in addition to the '1' and '0' of conventional OBDDs. We describe the OTDD and how to implement its reduction, application, and restriction operations. This method avoids expensive technology mapping, producing highly efficient 'U'-correct compiled logic simulation code in seconds rather than in hours. Our experiments toward confirming the validity of the method are reported.< >
The decade of the nineties has witnessed a rapid growth in device technologies. Emerging devices can provide higher packaging density through vertical packing of lowered feature sizes, as well as allow fabrication usi...
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The decade of the nineties has witnessed a rapid growth in device technologies. Emerging devices can provide higher packaging density through vertical packing of lowered feature sizes, as well as allow fabrication using experimental materials with sub-threshold switching, opto-electronic, and superconducting properties. A lack of suitable simulation framework at the circuit level impedes the progress in rapidly developing circuit level models for putative applications. Circuit realization and simulation using commonly available suites of EDA tools is therefore desirable for the advancement of research in novel devices. A technique for overcoming this limitation using the currently available IC design tools is outlined in this paper. A "component library" consisting of primitive cells is developed and used for the automated development of higher level optimized cells. The higher level cells are generated using automated place and route tools and subsequently annotated with the pin delays obtained from the SPICE simulation. The optimized high level cells can be used in designing higher level systems and also be used in functional and timing verification on a digital simulation kernel. The only pre-requisite to the outlined approach is the existence of the SPICE models for devices that can allow modeling annotation of delays on the pins of the standard cells.
The authors propose a system which can automatically learn causal relation for multivariate complex problems by use of fuzzy inference and genetic algorithm. It has been difficult to infer the correct results from a l...
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The authors propose a system which can automatically learn causal relation for multivariate complex problems by use of fuzzy inference and genetic algorithm. It has been difficult to infer the correct results from a lot of input variables by using only the fuzzy inference. We first concentrate many variables into a few variables of the input of fuzzy inference by factor analysis. Secondly, the genetic algorithm and delta rule are used to adjust and learn the fuzzy inference rules. We apply this system to human behavioral system with many input variables. By this causal modeling, we can identify the complex human system more precisely than the regression analysis generally used.< >
The ability of human observers to detect low-contrast targets in screen-film (SF) images, computed radiographic (CR) images, and compressed CR images was measured using contrast detail (CD) analysis. The results of th...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819414611
The ability of human observers to detect low-contrast targets in screen-film (SF) images, computed radiographic (CR) images, and compressed CR images was measured using contrast detail (CD) analysis. The results of these studies were used to design a two- alternative forced-choice (2AFC) experiment to investigate the detectability of nodules in adult chest radiographs. CD curves for a common screen-film system were compared with CR images compressed up to 125:1. Data from clinical chest exams were used to define a CD region of clinical interest that sufficiently challenged the observer. From that data, simulated lesions were introduced into 100 normal CR chest films, and forced-choice observer performance studies were performed. CR images were compressed using a full-frame discrete cosine transform (FDCT) technique, where the 2D Fourier space was divided into four areas of different quantization depending on the cumulative power spectrum (energy) of each image. The characteristic curve of the CR images was adjusted so that optical densities matched those of the SF system. The CD curves for SF and uncompressed CR systems were statistically equivalent. The slope of the CD curve for each was - 1.0 as predicted by the Rose model. There was a significant degradation in detection found for CR images compressed to 125:1. Furthermore, contrast-detail analysis demonstrated that many pulmonary nodules encountered in clinical practice are significantly above the average observer threshold for detection. We designed a 2AFC observer study using simulated 1-cm lesions introduced into normal CR chest radiographs. Detectability was reduced for all compressed CR radiographs.
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