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Self-Awareness for Autonomous systems

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ieee 2020年第7期108卷 971-975页

作者： Dutt, Nikil Regazzoni, Carlo S. Rinner, Bernhard Yao, Xin Nikil Dutt (Fellow IEEE) received the Ph.D. degree from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Champaign IL USA in 1989.""He is currently a Distinguished Professor of computer science (CS) cognitive sciences and electrical engineering and computer sciences (EECS) with the University of California at Irvine Irvine CA USA. He is a coauthor of seven books. His research interests include embedded systems electronic design automation (EDA) computer architecture distributed systems healthcare Internet of Things (IoT) and brain-inspired architectures and computing.""Dr. Dutt is a Fellow of ACM. He was a recipient of the IFIP Silver Core Award. He has received numerous best paper awards. He serves as the Steering Committee Chair of the IEEE/ACM Embedded Systems Week (ESWEEK). He is also on the steering organizing and program committees of several premier EDA and embedded system design conferences and workshops. He has served on the Editorial Boards for the IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems and the ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems and also previously served as the Editor-in-Chief (EiC) for the ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems. He served on the Advisory Boards of the IEEE Embedded Systems Letters the ACM Special Interest Group on Embedded Systems the ACM Special Interest Group on Design Automationt and the ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems. Carlo S. Regazzoni (Senior Member IEEE) received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electronic and telecommunications engineering from the University of Genoa Genoa Italy in 1987 and 1992 respectively.""He is currently a Full Professor of cognitive telecommunications systems with the Department of Electrical Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN) University of Genoa and a Co-Ordinator of the Joint Doctorate on Interactive and Cognitive Environments (JDICE) international Ph.D. course started initially as EU Erasmus Mundus Project and

Autonomous systems are able to make decisions and potentially take actions without direct human intervention, which requires some knowledge about the system and its environment as well as goal-oriented reasoning. In computer systems, one can derive such behavior from the concept of a rational agent with autonomy (“control over its own actions”), reactivity (“react to events from the environment”), proactivity (“act on its own initiative”), and sociality (“interact with other agents”) as fundamental properties \n[1]\n. Autonomous systems will undoubtedly pervade into our everyday lives, and we will find them in a variety of domains and applications including robotics, transportation, health care, communications, and entertainment to name a few. \nThe articles in this month’s special issue cover concepts and fundamentals, architectures and techniques, and applications and case studies in the exciting area of self-awareness in autonomous systems.

关键词： Special issues and sections Autonomous systems Self-aware Robot sensing systems Computational modeling

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Bundle Charging: Wireless Charging Energy Minimization in Dense Wireless sensor Networks 39

Bundle Charging: Wireless Charging Energy Minimization in De...

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39th ieee international conference on distributed computing systems (ICDCS)

作者： Wang, Ning Wu, Jie Dai, Haipeng Rowan Univ Dept Comp Sci Glassboro NJ 08028 USA Temple Univ Ctr Networked Comp Philadelphia PA 19122 USA Nanjing Univ State Key Lab Novel Software Technol Nanjing Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781728125190

Using a mobile charger to wirelessly charge sensors is a promising yet not well-solved technique. Existing trajectory planning schemes for wireless charger either (1) fail to optimize the one-to-many characteristic of wireless charging or (2) fail to jointly optimize the charger movement cost and the charging cost. The objective of this paper is to find the optimal trajectory planning for a mobile charger in terms of energy minimization in the quadratic attenuation charging model. There exists a trade-off between charging efficiency and trajectory distance. If the mobile charger comes close to sensors, the charging efficiency is high, but the entire charging trajectory of the charger will be long and vice versa. To address this trade-off, we propose the idea of charging bundle and optimize the charger's trajectory based on the charging bundle rather than each sensor. The optimal charging bundle generation problem and the bundle trajectory optimization problem are discussed gradually. Both of them are proven to be NP-hard. Then, we first propose a greedy bundle generation algorithm with an approximation ratio of In n, where n is the number of sensors. After that, we propose a TSP-based solution and further optimize the TSP-trajectory by jointly considering the adjacent charging locations. Theorems are proposed to effectively find the optimal location. Extensive experiments show that our scheme achieves a much better performance than traditional schemes.

关键词： wireless energy transfer wireless sensor networks trajectory planning mobile charging

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Minimizing the Longest Charge Delay of Multiple Mobile Chargers for Wireless Rechargeable sensor Networks by Charging Multiple sensors Simultaneously 39

Minimizing the Longest Charge Delay of Multiple Mobile Charg...

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39th ieee international conference on distributed computing systems (ICDCS)

作者： Xu, Wenzheng Liang, Weifa Kan, Haibin Xu, Yinlong Zhang, Xinming Sichuan Univ Coll Comp Sci Chengdu 510006 Peoples R China Australian Natl Univ Res Sch Comp Sci Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Fudan Univ Sch Comp Sci Shanghai Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China Sch Comp Sci & Technol Hefei 230026 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781728125190

Wireless energy charging has emerged as a very promising technology for prolonging sensor lifetime in Wireless Rechargeable sensor Networks (WRSNs). Existing studies focused mainly on the 'one-to-one' charging scheme that a sensor can be charged by a single mobile charger at each time, this charging scheme however suffers from poor charging scalability and inefficiency. Recently, another charging scheme - the 'multiple-to-one' charging scheme that allows multiple sensors to be charged simultaneously by a single charger, becomes dominant and can mitigate charging scalability and improve the charging efficiency. Most research studies on this latter scheme focused on the use of a mobile charger to charge multiple sensors simultaneously. However, for large scale WRSNs, it is insufficient to deploy just a single mobile charger to charge many lifetime-critical sensors, and consequently sensor expiration durations will increase dramatically. Instead, in order to charge as many as lifetime-critical sensors, the use of multiple mobile chargers for charging sensors can speed up sensor charging significantly, thereby reducing their expiration durations and improving the monitoring quality of WRSNs. However, this poses great challenges to schedule multiple mobile chargers for sensor charging at the same time such that the longest delay among the chargers is minimized due to multiple critical constraints. One such an important constraint in multiple mobile chargers is that each sensor cannot be charged by more than one mobile charger at each time, otherwise, the sensor cannot receive any energy from either of the chargers. In this paper we address this challenge by first formulating a novel longest delay minimization problem that is NP-hard. We then devise the very first approximation algorithm with a provable approximation ratio for the problem. We finally evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm through experimental simulations. Simulation results demonstrate that th

关键词： Wireless rechargeable sensor networks multi-node energy charging multiple mobile chargers multiple charging tour scheduling charging delay minimization approximation algorithms maximal independent set

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Collision-resistant Communication Model for State-free Networked Tags 39

Collision-resistant Communication Model for State-free Netwo...

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39th ieee international conference on distributed computing systems (ICDCS)

作者： Liu, Jia Zhang, Youlin Chen, Shigang Chen, Min Chen, Lijun Nanjing Univ State Key Lab Novel Software Technol Nanjing Peoples R China Univ Florida Dept Comp & Informat Sci & Engn Gainesville FL 32611 USA Google Inc 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy Mountain View CA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781728125190

Traditional radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies allow tags to communicate with a reader but not among themselves. By enabling peer-to-peer communications among nearby tags, the emerging networked tags make a fundamental enhancement to today's RFID systems. This new capability supports a series of system-level functions in previously infeasible scenarios where the readers cannot cover all tags due to cost or physical limitations. This paper makes the first attempt to design a new communication model that is specifically tailored to efficient implementation of system-level functions in networked tag systems, in terms of energy cost and execution time. Instead of exploiting complex mechanisms for collision detection and resolution, we propose a collision-resistant communication model (CCM) that embraces the collision in tag communications and utilizes it to merge the data from different sources in a benign way. Two fundamental applications: RFID estimation and missing-tag detection, are presented to illustrate how CCM assists efficient system-level operations in networked tag systems. Simulation results show that the system-level applications through CCM are able to reduce the energy cost and execution time by one order of magnitude, compared with the ID-collection based solution.

关键词： Radiofrequency identification Peer-to-peer computing Wireless sensor networks Wireless communication Energy resolution Estimation Relays

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Automated Time Delay Estimation for distributed sensor systems of Electric Vehicles 10

Automated Time Delay Estimation for Distributed Sensor Syste...

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10th ieee international conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced computing systems - Technology and Applications (IDAACS)

作者： Pfeiffer, Jakob Wu, Xuyi BMW Grp Petuelring 130 D-80788 Munich Germany Tech Univ Munich Chair Data Proc Arcisstr 21 D-80333 Munich Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781728140681

Deviations between electric current measurements and reality can cause severe problems in the power train of electric vehicles (EVs). Among others, these are unnecessary power limitations and inaccurate performance coordination during driving or charging. One reason for these deviations are time delays. In this paper, we present three different approaches for time delay estimation (TDE) and evaluate these with real data from power trains of EVs. Besides the accuracy of the TDE, the focus of our evaluation lies on the computational efficiency to enable an execution on automotive electronic control units (ECUs). The Linear Regression approach suffers even from small noise and offsets in the measurement data and is unsuited for our purpose. A better alternative is the Variance Minimization approach. It is not only more noise-resistant but also very efficient after the first execution. Another interesting approach are Adaptive Filters presented by Emadzadeh et al. Unfortunately, Adaptive Filters do not reach the accuracy and efficiency of Variance Minimization in our experiments. Thus, we recommend Variance Minimization for TDE of current signals in the power train of EVs.

关键词： automotive current electric power train electric vehicle embedded systems delay detection distributed systems measurements power train sensor signals time delay estimation

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How Different Transceiver Hardware Effects Concurrent Transmissions in WSNs 14

How Different Transceiver Hardware Effects Concurrent Transm...

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14th Annual international conference on distributed computing in sensor systems (dcoss)

作者： von Zengen, Georg Baumstark, Alexander Willecke, Alexander Kulau, Ulf Wolf, Lars C. Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig Inst Operating Syst & Comp Networks Braunschweig Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781538654705

The efficiency and effectiveness of network flooding protocols has recently been shown by many publications as well as real world deployments. One notable protocol is Glossy which combines Concurrent Transmission (CT) with Constructive Interference (CI). A drawback of Glossy is that up to now it has only been implemented and evaluated for one type of radio transceiver. In this paper we first present the Glossy implementation for an AT86RF233 radio transceiver which simplifies the packet forwarding due to a shared receive and transmit buffer. We evaluate our implementation against the original Glossy implementation in a minimalist setup as well as in a real world testbed. However, we observed a noticeable difference in the timing accuracy of the transceiver chips but without adverse effects on the network's performance. For this reason, in the second part of this paper we provide a deeper investigation by using Software Defined Radios to emulate concurrent transmission for different types of transceivers. This work confirms the general benefit of constructive interference but also shows its limitations. Moreover, we give novel insight into hardware dependability of constructive interference in concurrent transmissions.

关键词： Protocols Transceivers Wireless sensor networks Interference ieee 802.15 Standard Packet loss

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Poster: Frequency Scaling in Time Synchronization for Wireless sensor Networks 14

Poster: Frequency Scaling in Time Synchronization for Wirele...

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14th Annual international conference on distributed computing in sensor systems (dcoss)

作者： Asgarian, Farzad Najafi, Khalil Univ Michigan Elect & Comp Engn Dept Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781538654705

Many wireless sensor networks rely on synchronization protocols to correlate measurements on different nodes. In order to save power in these applications, we consider two stages for the nodes as synchronization timeslot and the synchronous task that can run on different clock frequencies. Implemented on a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) chip, decreasing the clock frequency from 16 MHz to 1 MHz results in 2x and 7.5x reduction in crystal oscillator and timer run currents, respectively. Experimental results show that when the synchronization timeslot runs on the 16 MHz clock and then the clock frequency reduces to 1 MHz for executing the task, synchronization accuracies are similar to the case where only the high frequency clock is used.

关键词： time synchronization frequency scaling Bluetooth

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Duty-Cycle-Aware Real-Time Scheduling of Wireless Links in Low Power WANs 14

Duty-Cycle-Aware Real-Time Scheduling of Wireless Links in L...

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14th Annual international conference on distributed computing in sensor systems (dcoss)

作者： Islam, Md Tamzeed Islam, Bashima Nirjon, Shahriar Univ N Carolina Dept Comp Sci Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781538654705

Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) are an excellent fit to city-scale IoT applications becuase of their long range and a battery life of several years, and a data rate of 25-50kbps, which is sufficient to carry IoT traffic. However, a practical limitation of a LPWAN-based real-time wireless network is the duty-cycle limit imposed on the sub-1GHz band by the FCC. In this paper, we overcome this challenge by proposing the first duty-cycle-aware wireless link scheduling algorithm for real-time LPWANs that considers the urgency of the packets as well as the availability of the wireless channels. The proposed algorithm is implemented in a five-node, wide-area outdoor test-bed in multiple real-world scenarios. Simulation results are provided to quantify its performance under different settings (e.g. larger networks, variety of workloads, and multiple baselines). In both real-world deployments and simulations, the proposed algorithm outperforms standard scheduling algorithms in terms of link schedulability, deadline misses, and buffer size.

关键词： sensor Network Real-time Scheduling LPWAN

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Overlapped Mobile Charging for sensor Networks

Overlapped Mobile Charging for Sensor Networks

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international conference on distributed computing systems

作者： Sheng Zhang Yu Liang Zhuzhong Qian Mingjun Xiao Jidong Ge Jie Wu Sanglu Lu State Key Lab. for Novel Software Technology Nanjing University P.R. China School of Computer Science and Technology / Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Science and Technology of China P.R. China Temple University USA

ISBN: (数字)9781728170022

ISBN: (纸本)9781728170039

In this paper, we consider a fundamental problem: given one mobile charger that can charge multiple sensor nodes simultaneously, how we can schedule it to charge a given WSN to maximize the energy usage effectiveness (EUE)? We propose a novel charging paradigm-Overlapped Mobile Charging (OMC)- the first of its kind to the best of our knowledge. firstly, OMC clusters sensor nodes into multiple non-overlapped sets using k-means evaluated by the Davies-Bouldin Index, such that the sensor nodes in each set have similar recharging cycles. Secondly, for each set of sensor nodes, OMC further divides them into multiple overlapped groups, and charges each group at different locations for different time durations to make sure that each overlapped sensor node just receives its required energy from multiple charging locations.

关键词： Wireless sensor networks Schedules conferences Indexes distributed computing

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Demo: Taking Advantage of the Shock Hazard: How to Use an Electric Fence for Data Transfers 14

Demo: Taking Advantage of the Shock Hazard: How to Use an El...

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14th Annual international conference on distributed computing in sensor systems (dcoss)

作者： Huchtkoetter, Jana Reinhardt, Andreas Tech Univ Clausthal Dept Informat Clausthal Zellerfeld Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781538654705

The deployment of embedded sensing devices on croplands and pastures is an enabling element for precision agriculture applications. Changing conditions (e.g., different crops being grown), however, may require the occasional reconfiguration of the resulting networks of wireless sensors, e.g., to modify data reporting rates or synchronize internal clocks. In this demo we showcase an opportunistic broadcast channel to forward such configuration messages to embedded systems. The transmitting station is realized by means of an electric fence energizer, a device frequently utilized in agricultural settings. On the receiver side, only little hardware efforts are required to capture the high-voltage pulses and decode transmitted configuration messages.

关键词： Electric fences Wireless sensor networks Wireless communication Receivers Microcontrollers sensors Data communication

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