Today, many sensor nodes are equipped with a microSD slot to provide a cost effective way to store large amounts of data. When using the FAT file system, data collected by a node can be easily read by a PC without the...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780769550411
Today, many sensor nodes are equipped with a microSD slot to provide a cost effective way to store large amounts of data. When using the FAT file system, data collected by a node can be easily read by a PC without the need for any special software or communication protocol. While several FAT implementations for microcontrollers do exist, they are not suited for real-time applications. For a WSN in an industrial scenario where a node needs to run a closed loop control program, logging to a non-real-time capable persistent storage system is not an option. In this paper we present RATFAT, an efficient implementation of a flexible real-time capable FAT file system for Contiki, that can be used for applications requiring real-time guarantees.
In this paper we propose a distributed, low-power, self-organizing MAC scheme for low-power wireless sensor and control applications. In such applications, nearly periodic traffic needs to be handled so that the commu...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780769550411
In this paper we propose a distributed, low-power, self-organizing MAC scheme for low-power wireless sensor and control applications. In such applications, nearly periodic traffic needs to be handled so that the communication delays are minimized and the transmission is as predictable as possible. We propose Asynchronous Random Schedules with Collision Forecast (ARS/CF) for this purpose, together with a multi-channel extension based on an improved modulation scheme to improve capacity scaling of the basic ARS/CF scheme. We analyze and simulate the basic single-hop ARS/CF implementation with regard to throughput and delay when used both in single- and multi-channel settings. Finally, we consider the implementation of ARS/CF in a multi-hop setting.
Networked control systems offer significant advantages in terms of reliability, commissioning and maintenance, especially for complex systems. They must be able to withstand delays and data corruption caused by the un...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780769550411
Networked control systems offer significant advantages in terms of reliability, commissioning and maintenance, especially for complex systems. They must be able to withstand delays and data corruption caused by the underlying communication network. Existing results in networked control systems provide varying degrees of robustness. However, cost is also an important factor for real world implementations, which further restricts the bandwidth of the underlying network and complexity of the communication protocol. In this paper we introduce a networked control system method, WMBPNCS, that we have previously proposed, and implement a control system using ieee 802.15.4 (ZigBee) as its communication protocol, in an attempt to overcome these problems. We find through simulations that performance of our implementation is acceptable even under large amounts of random network delay and data loss.
Real-time measurement of the energy consumption of wireless sensor network nodes in the field has many interesting applications that range from predicting the remaining battery charge to the energy efficiency assessme...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780769550411
Real-time measurement of the energy consumption of wireless sensor network nodes in the field has many interesting applications that range from predicting the remaining battery charge to the energy efficiency assessment of communication protocols. However, designing such a system presents many challenges. In this work we present a measurement method and circuit, named Self-Energy Meter (SEM), that easily adds to a sensor node the capability of measuring its own energy consumption. The SEM developed has very low power consumption, ensuring an almost negligible impact in the battery lifetime. It also solves the problem of handling a dynamic range of five decades. Results from simulations show that the SEM is highly linear, with a coefficient of determination of 0.996, presenting a very low temperature drift, and is almost independent of the power supply.
In many application areas for wireless sensor networks, having some location knowledge about the sensor nodes is important, but this information is often not readily available. In the past, plethora of different solut...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780769550411
In many application areas for wireless sensor networks, having some location knowledge about the sensor nodes is important, but this information is often not readily available. In the past, plethora of different solutions have been proposed that focused on recovering the locations of the sensor nodes, often at the cost of high complexity or limited accuracy. We claim that, in many scenarios the precise location in the x, y, z coordinates is not really needed. Frequently, due to the scenario of usage, the set of potential locations of the nodes is limited, and assigning the nodes to proper potential position is sufficient. In this study, we consider a single dimensional case and we introduce a novel methodology to detect the geographic sequence of wireless sensor nodes indoors, using only a limited number of message exchanges among the involved nodes and statistical reasoning applied to the set of received signal strength measurements. The proposed approach is verified experimentally in heavy non-line-of-sight settings with high shadowing and multipath distortions.
We propose SR3, a secure and resilient algorithm for convergecast routing in WSNs. SR3 uses lightweight cryptographic primitives to achieve data confidentiality and data packet unforgeability. SR3 has a security prove...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780769550411
We propose SR3, a secure and resilient algorithm for convergecast routing in WSNs. SR3 uses lightweight cryptographic primitives to achieve data confidentiality and data packet unforgeability. SR3 has a security proven by formal tool. We made simulations to show the resiliency of SR3 against various scenarios, where we mixed selective forwarding, blackhole, wormhole, and Sybil attacks. We compared our solution to several routing algorithms of the literature. Our results show that the resiliency accomplished by SR3 is drastically better than the one achieved by those protocols, especially when the network is sparse. Moreover, unlike previous solutions, SR3 self-adapts after compromised nodes suddenly change their behavior.
In mobile applications, like wireless sensor networks, it is often inevitable to use a location-independent source of energy. Wherever the batteries capacity or inefficient energy harvesting limits the lifetime, other...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780769550411
In mobile applications, like wireless sensor networks, it is often inevitable to use a location-independent source of energy. Wherever the batteries capacity or inefficient energy harvesting limits the lifetime, other solutions have to be implemented to increase the energy efficiency. Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) is a well known technique with the ability to adapt the voltage level to the actual system load to save energy. While it has been used in many application areas, DVS has not been studied sufficiently for wireless sensor nodes. In this demo, we show the benefits of DVS. We were able to optimize DVS for an 8-Bit ULP micro controller by a combination of DVS and dynamic power management (DPM). Moreover, we analyzed the effect of voltage scaling on other components of the sensor node (transceiver, sensors and memory).
Wireless sensor Networks (WSNs) are being developed and deployed in a wide range of Cyber-Physical systems, some of which must be dependable, e.g. in assisted living facilities where their failure could lead to an acc...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780769550411
Wireless sensor Networks (WSNs) are being developed and deployed in a wide range of Cyber-Physical systems, some of which must be dependable, e.g. in assisted living facilities where their failure could lead to an accident. In this paper, it is shown that the state of the art approaches do not meet the needs of dependability that these applications require. The main reason is an issue is the unpredictable physical environment in which they operate. Currently there is little emphasis on how these systems behave when failures occur, instead authors emphasise average case performance. Consequently there is little understanding of how and why systems fail and the possible consequences e.g. a system hazard. In this paper simulated tests are used at run-time to check key dependability properties of the system. The results of these tests are used to plan maintenance, thus ensuring available and reliable operation, and determining when the system is at risk of subjecting people to unacceptable hazards such that appropriate steps can be taken. Our approach has been show to perform with 15% less time at risk than the current state-of-the art.
In this paper we consider a wireless sensor network (WSN) deployed to monitor a set of targets with known positions. Each target has an associated desired level of coverage by its neighbouring sensor nodes. The networ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780769550411
In this paper we consider a wireless sensor network (WSN) deployed to monitor a set of targets with known positions. Each target has an associated desired level of coverage by its neighbouring sensor nodes. The network deployment process introduces node placement uncertainty described by known probability distributions. Consequently, deficiency in achieving the desired coverage levels occurs with certain probabilities. To estimate such probabilities, we formalize a target coverage deficiency (TCD) problem. We show that the TCD problem is #P-hard even when restricted to grid WSNs. We then consider networks where node transmission ranges guarantee that the network after deployment has the same connectivity as the planned network. For such networks, we devise a dynamic programming algorithm that can solve a discrete version of the problem exactly and can produce lower bounds on the solution of any arbitrary given instance of the problem. We present simulation results that investigate the accuracy of the algorithm, and illustrate its usefulness in evaluating performance of any given node deployment scheme.
The ever-increasing complexity of applications covered by wireless sensor networks (WSNs) demands for increasing memory size, which in turn increases the power drain. It is well known that SRAM power consumption can b...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780769550411
The ever-increasing complexity of applications covered by wireless sensor networks (WSNs) demands for increasing memory size, which in turn increases the power drain. It is well known that SRAM power consumption can be reduced by employing a banked structure, where unused banks are switched into the low leakage retention mode. In this work, we propose a new strategy for memory banking, taking advantage of the software properties of WSN, and achieving aggressive power savings. We present a detailed model for the energy saving for equally sized banks with two power management schemes: a best-oracle policy and a simple greedy policy. Thanks to our modeling, at design time the optimum number of banks can be estimated, and the design can reach huge energy savings. The memory content allocation and the power management problem were solved by an integer linear program formulation for two real wireless sensor network application (based on TinyOS and ContikiOS). Experimental results show an energy reduction of up to 77.4% for a partition overhead of 1%.
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