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Selective perception policies for guiding sensing and computation in multimodal systems: A comparative analysis

computer vision AND IMAGE UNDERSTANDING 2005年第1-2期100卷 198-224页

作者： Oliver, N Horvitz, E Microsoft Res Adapt Syst & Interact Redmond WA 98052 USA

Intensive computations required for sensing and processing perceptual information can impose significant burdens on personal computer systems. We explore the use of value of information to guide sensing and analysis in automated behavior recognition systems, and highlight the role of such computations as a formal foundation for selective attention. We examine several different policies for selective perception in SEER, a multimodal system for recognizing office activity that relies on a layered Hidden Markov Model (LHMM) representation. We review our efforts to employ expected value of information (EVI) computations to limit sensing and analysis in a context-sensitive manner. We discuss an implementation of a one-step myopic EVI analysis and compare the results of using the myopic EVI with a heuristic sensing policy that makes observations at different frequencies. Both policies are then compared to a random perception policy, where sensors are selected at random. Finally, we discuss the sensitivity of ideal perceptual actions to preferences encoded in utility models about information value and the cost of sensing. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： selective perception expected value of information automatic feature selection Hidden Markov models office awareness multimodal interaction human behavior recognition

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Fast head tilt detection for human-computer interaction

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ICCV 2005 workshop on HCI - computer vision in human-computer interaction

作者： Waber, Benjamin N. Magee, John J. Betke, Margrit Computer Science Dept. Boston University

ISBN: (纸本)3540296204

Accurate head tilt detection has a large potential to aid people with disabilities in the use of human-computer interfaces and provide universal access to communication software. We show how it can be utilized to tab through links on a web page or control a video game with head motions. It may also be useful as a correction method for currently available video-based assistive technology that requires upright facial poses. Few of the existing computer vision methods that detect head rotations in and out of the image plane with reasonable accuracy can operate within the context of a real-time communication interface because the computational expense that they incur is too great. Our method uses a variety of metrics to obtain a robust head tilt estimate without incurring the computational cost of previous methods. Our system runs in real time on a computer with a 2.53 GHz processor, 256 MB of RAM and an inexpensive webcam, using only 55% of the processor cycles. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005.

关键词： human computer interaction

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A simple model generation system for computer graphics

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FUTURE GENERATION computer SYSTEMS-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ESCIENCE 2005年第7期21卷 1223-1234页

作者： Tran, M Datta, A Lowe, N Univ Western Australia Sch Comp Sci & Software Engn Nedlands WA 6009 Australia

Most 3D objects in computer graphics are represented as polygonal mesh models. Though techniques like image-based rendering are gaining popularity, a vast majority of applications in computer graphics and animation use such polygonal meshes for representing and rendering 3D objects. High quality mesh models are usually generated through 3D laser scanning techniques. However, even the inexpensive laser scanners cost tens of thousands of dollars and it is difficult for researchers in computer graphics to buy such systems just for model acquisition. In this paper, we describe a simple model acquisition system built from web cams or digital cameras. This low-cost system gives researchers an opportunity to capture and experiment with reasonably good quality 3D models. Our system uses standard techniques from computer vision and computational geometry to build 3D models. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 3D reconstruction object modeling Delauney triangulation intensity-based matching

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A simple model generation system for computer graphics

A simple model generation system for computer graphics

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International workshop on Scientific Visualisation and human-Machine interaction in a Problem Solving Environment

作者： Tran, M Datta, A Lowe, N Univ Western Australia Sch Comp Sci & Software Engn Nedlands WA 6009 Australia

关键词： 3D reconstruction object modeling Delauney triangulation intensity-based matching

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Towards facilitating the use of a pan-tilt camera on a mobile robot

Towards facilitating the use of a pan-tilt camera on a mobil...

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IEEE International workshop on Robot and human Communication (ROMAN)

作者： C.W. Nielsen M.A. Goodrich R.J. Rupper Computer Science Department Brigham Young University Provo UT USA

Pan-tilt cameras are useful for mobile robots because they allow an operator to view the environment around the robot without moving the robot. However, pan-tilt cameras can lead to operator confusion and error when the camera is off-center and the operator is navigating the robot. To facilitate the use of a pan-tilt camera, we use a 3D augmented virtuality display to render the video stream at an angle that corresponds to the orientation of the real camera. This provides an intuitive representation of the pan and tilt angles of the camera as they relate to the orientation of the robot. We validate using the 3D display to represent a pan-tilt camera's orientation through a user study in simulated environments.

关键词： Robot vision systems Cameras Mobile robots Navigation Three dimensional displays human robot interaction computer science computer errors Augmented virtuality Streaming media

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Linguistic spatial relations of three dimensional scenes using SIFT keypoints

Linguistic spatial relations of three dimensional scenes usi...

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IEEE International workshop on Robot and human Communication (ROMAN)

作者： R.H. Luke S.N. Blisard J.M. Keller M. Skubic Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Missouri Columbia MO USA

In this paper, we discuss the use of the scale invariant feature transform to match areas between stereo images. The three dimensional location of matched points are then computed. Each matched area is further matched to a database of known objects. After projecting the three dimensional locations onto a horizontal plane, the spatial relationship between pairs of objects are then described linguistically using a system of fuzzy rules. We are exploring the technique to facilitate human-like communication with a robot.

关键词： Layout Mobile robots Stereo vision Sonar human robot interaction Wheels Image matching Image databases Spatial databases Fuzzy systems

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Fusing face and body gesture for machine recognition of emotions

Fusing face and body gesture for machine recognition of emot...

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IEEE International workshop on Robot and human Communication (ROMAN)

作者： H. Gunes M. Piccardi Faculty of Information Technology Sydney University of Technology Broadway NSW Australia Faculty of Information Technology University of Technology-Sydney Broadway NSW Australia

Research shows that humans are more likely to consider computers to be human-like when those computers understand and display appropriate nonverbal communicative behavior. Most of the existing systems attempting to analyze the human nonverbal behavior focus only on the face; research that aims to integrate gesture as an expression mean has only recently emerged. This paper presents an approach to automatic visual recognition of expressive face and upper body action units (FAUs and BAUs) suitable for use in a vision-based affective multimodal framework. After describing the feature extraction techniques, classification results from three subjects are presented. Firstly, individual classifiers are trained separately with face and body features for classification into FAU and BAU categories. Secondly, the same procedure is applied for classification into labeled emotion categories. Finally, we fuse face and body information for classification into combined emotion categories. In our experiments, the emotion classification using the two modalities achieved a better recognition accuracy outperforming the classification using the individual face modality.

关键词： Emotion recognition Face recognition computer displays human computer interaction Speech Natural languages Information technology Australia Feature extraction Fuses

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Arm-pointer: 3D pointing interface for real-world interaction

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8th European Conference on computer vision, ECCV 2004 and International workshop on human-computer interaction, HCI 2004

作者： Hosoya, Eiichi Sato, Hidenori Kitabata, Miki Harada, Ikuo Nojima, Hisao Onozawa, Akira NTT Microsystem Integration Laboratories 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya Atsugi-shi Kanagawa243-0198 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)3540220127

We propose a new real-world pointing interface, called Arm-Pointer, for user interaction with real objects. Pointing at objects for which a computer is to perform some operation is a fundamental, yet important, process in human-computer interaction (HCI). Arm-Pointer enables a user to point the computer to a real object directly by extending his arm towards the object. In conventional pointing methods, HCI studies have concentrated on pointing at virtual objects existing in computers. However, there are the vast number of real objects that requires user operation. Arm-Pointer enables users to point at objects in the real world to inform a computer to operate them without the user having to wear any special devices or making direct contacts with the objects. In order to identify the object the user specifies, the position and direction of the arm pointing are recognized by extracting the user's shoulders and arms. Therefore, an easy-to-use real-world oriented interaction system is realized using the proposed method. We developed an algorithm which uses weighted voting for robust recognition. A prototype system using a stereo vision camera was developed and the real-time recognition was confirmed by experiment. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004.

关键词： human computer interaction

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5th International Gesture workshop on Gesture and Sign Language-Based human-computer interaction, GW 2003

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5th International Gestureworkshop, GW 2003

ISBN: (纸本)3540210725

The proceedings contain 51 papers. The special focus in this conference is on Foundational Issues, Gesture Tracking, Gesture Recognition and Gesture Notation and Synthesis. The topics include: Invariant laws in movement;the features people use to recognize human movement style;multimodal analysis of expressive gesture in music and dance performances;correlation of gestural musical audio cues and perceived expressive qualities;gestural imagery in the service of musical imagery;the interaction of iconic gesture and speech in talk;conceptual and lexical factors in the production of speech and conversational gestures;the communicative system of touch;some issues in sign language processing;multimodality and gestures in the teacher's communication;deixis in multimodal human computer interaction;establishing a set of parameters;holistic body tracking for gestural interfaces;recovering articulated motion with a hierarchical factorization method;an experimental comparison of trajectory-based and history-based representation for gesture recognition;tracking of real time acrobatic movements by image processing;a dynamic model for real-time tracking of hands in bimanual movements;remote vision-based multi-type gesture interaction;model-based motion filtering for improving arm gesture recognition performance;a real-time coded gesture-to-speech system with automatic segmentation and recognition thresholding;classification of gesture with layered meanings;multiple-channel American sign language recognition;hand postures recognition in large-display VR environments;developing task-specific RBF hand gesture recognition;developing context sensitive hmm gesture recognition;database indexing methods for 3D hand pose estimation and gesture in style.

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Detecting anomalous human interactions using laser range-finders

Detecting anomalous human interactions using laser range-fin...

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IEEE International workshop on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)

作者： A. Panangadan M. Mataric G. Sukhatme Computer Science Department University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA

We present a laser range-finder-based system for tracking people in an outdoor environment and detecting interactions between them. The system does not use identities of people for tracking. Observed tracks are automatically segmented into individual activities using an entropy-based measure (Jensen-Shannon divergence (Lin, J, 1991)). Two people situated close to each other throughout the duration of an activity represents an interaction. The observed activities are combined using a hierarchical clustering algorithm to generate a representative set. The frequency of occurrence of these activities is modeled by a Poisson distribution. During the monitoring phase, this model is used to compute the probability of observing the detected activities and interactions; an anomaly is flagged if this probability falls below a threshold. Experimental results from an outdoor courtyard environment are described where the system indicates anomalies when there is a sudden increase in the number of people in the environment or in the number of interactions. This detection occurs without giving the system any a priori concepts of space occupancy.

关键词： humans Laser modes Laser theory computer science Frequency Monitoring Clustering algorithms Phase detection Surveillance Machine vision

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