The present work is being done in the framework of a national program about the lightening of aeronautical structures and describes a three-dimensional finite element simulation of the laser beam welding process. The ...
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The present work is being done in the framework of a national program about the lightening of aeronautical structures and describes a three-dimensional finite element simulation of the laser beam welding process. The targeted aeronautical structures are stiffened panels in aluminum alloys, which tend to replace riveted assemblies. Semi-coupled thermomechanical finite element analyses have been carried out to evaluate the magnitude and distribution of welding-induced residual stresses in order to take them into account for fatigue sizing. The finite element code *** is used for the different calculations. Specific welding features have been added to the code through the implementation of a moving heat source or an elastoviscoplastic law. Experimental tests have been carried out in order to provide mechanical andthermal databases to the model. Monitored experimental welding have been made for comparisons with the simulation. In particular, results of thermocouple measurements have permitted to improve the thermal model.
Predictions of deformation, residual stresses and hardness after beat treatment of gears by numerical simulation are very useful to determine optimum condition to decrease the distortion of machinery parts. In this pa...
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Predictions of deformation, residual stresses and hardness after beat treatment of gears by numerical simulation are very useful to determine optimum condition to decrease the distortion of machinery parts. In this paper, simulation on carburizing quenching of a helical gear made of carbon steel SCr420 was carried out using three-dimensional Coupled analysis based on themo-mechanical theory considering phase transformation. The expansion and latent heat due to phase transformation at various carburizing conditions were measured by TMA and DSC to determine the thermal physical properties of SCr420 carbon steel. The influence of the transformation plasticity strain on deformation, residual stress and hardness of a gear was clarified in the simulation. The accuracy of simulation also is verified by the comparison between the experimental data and the simulated result of the distortion and residual stress. From the predicted results, improvement of the hardness and strength on surface of the gear due to the carburizing-quenching process can be verified.
Heat transfer simulation within heat treatment furnaces is of great significance for the prediction and control of the ultimate microstructure, properties and dimensional stability of the workpieces and even the perfo...
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Heat transfer simulation within heat treatment furnaces is of great significance for the prediction and control of the ultimate microstructure, properties and dimensional stability of the workpieces and even the performance of furnaces. In this paper a set of models is proposed to solve heat transfer problems in a loaded furnace, including radiation, convection and conduction. Furthermore, a 3-dimensional algorithm based oil finite difference method (FDM) is presented with a complete system for processsimulation system. In the radiation module, view factor is calculated by direct integral method for all element pairs exposed to each other based on the blocking judgment. Combustion in gas-fired furnace and PID control are also included in the furnace model. The heat transfer models are integrated with furnace model to simulate the heating process of workpieces. Temperature distribution in workpiece and its variation with time are predicted by the system. An experiment is carried Out for the validation of the system.
The present article presents a few selected aspects of the modelling of gaseous nitriding of pure iron. After descriptions of the thermodynamics of the gas phase and the reactions at the gas/solid interface, a model d...
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The present article presents a few selected aspects of the modelling of gaseous nitriding of pure iron. After descriptions of the thermodynamics of the gas phase and the reactions at the gas/solid interface, a model description of the thermodynamics of gamma'-Fe4N1-x is given, which takes the longrange ordering of nitrogen atoms into accounts. Subsequently, the kinetics Of nucleation and growth of iron nitride layers is described in terms of the rates of the surface reactions and solid state diffusion. Thereafter, the mechanisms of stress generation in gamma'-Fe4N1-x layers during nitriding are summarized. Finally, the model for stress development in gamma'-Fe4N1-x layers is compared with published experimental work.
Long-term exposures of various industrial structural materials at sufficiently elevated temperatures cause substantial changes in materials structures and, consequently, substantial changes in their physical and mater...
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Long-term exposures of various industrial structural materials at sufficiently elevated temperatures cause substantial changes in materials structures and, consequently, substantial changes in their physical and materials properties. The paper is focused to the influence of thermodegradation of glass-fibre-reinforced polyamide 66 in dry air and gear oil on its mechanical properties. As the thermodegradation of polymer materials is diffusion controlled process, the paper starts with the description of water diffusion in tested material. Then a very simple degradation mechanism is proposed for modelling the main features of real degradation processes. Regression functions describing the changes in mechanical properties of polyamide details during exposure are verified by the fit of experimental results. In the end of the paper some general considerations about the changes in other structural materials during exposures are done and supported by some experimental results.
Big efforts have been made these last twenty years in order to model the behaviour of steel parts in heat treatment processes [1]. Models for microstructural evolutions during continuous cooling, coupled with thermome...
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Big efforts have been made these last twenty years in order to model the behaviour of steel parts in heat treatment processes [1]. Models for microstructural evolutions during continuous cooling, coupled with thermomechanical calculations do exist, but complete experimental validations of these models are still necessary. Here, we mainly present a complete experimental validation procedure from the scale of small homogeneous specimen to the scale of massive pieces with thermal gradients. Comparisons between experimental and calculated results (transformation kinetics and thermomechanical behaviour) are presented first. Then, massive cylinders quenched in air, cold oil and cold water are considered and numerical simulation results in terms of microstructure distributions, residual stresses and deformation are compared to experimental ones. The whole Study concerns more specifically the bainitic transformation of a middle alloyed steel and it is shown that the effect of internal stresses oil the transformation kinetics is a first order parameter in order to predict correctly microstructural gradients developed in a quenched part.
In this paper, the state of the art in the modelling of nitriding and nitrocarburising using late post-discharge processes is described. In a first part, interstitial diffusion in ternary system is treated. The proble...
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In this paper, the state of the art in the modelling of nitriding and nitrocarburising using late post-discharge processes is described. In a first part, interstitial diffusion in ternary system is treated. The problem of the diffusion in two-phase domains is evoked. The chemical pathways in N-2-H-2 and N-2-CH4 post-discharges creating active species are next presented to try to identify the precursors responsible for the transport of nitrogen and carbon to the surface of the solid. Finally, attention is paid to the coupling between the gas phase and the solid. Two different approaches are proposed, either by considering a steady state or a transient gas flow. The latter requires to introduce a sequence of Surface phenomena (adsorption, Surface diffusion, recombination, dissolution...) that provides a rigorous Way to Couple processes in the gas phase and in the solid.
As a result Of high temperature changing rates in the heat affected zone (HAZ) the elevated strain rates during welding may have a high influence of the yield stresses. Higher yield stresses as a result of high strain...
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As a result Of high temperature changing rates in the heat affected zone (HAZ) the elevated strain rates during welding may have a high influence of the yield stresses. Higher yield stresses as a result of high strain rates can be observed in hot tensile tests for several materials. A model has been developed and integrated in a multi-purpose FEA-program (ANSYS(R)) to investigate strain rate effects in numerical welding simulation. The routine calculates the current yield stress as a function of the local strain rates. The influence of the resulting stresses and distortions has been analyzed in comparative numerical welding simulations.
There are presented the computer models Of multicomponent grain boundary segregation (GBS) that are formed at quenching or tempering of engineering steels. The modelling of these processes requires different algorithm...
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There are presented the computer models Of multicomponent grain boundary segregation (GBS) that are formed at quenching or tempering of engineering steels. The modelling of these processes requires different algorithms. The dynamic model of segregation at quenching is based on solution of independent diffusion and adsorption-desorption equations for various impurities in steel tied by feedback. The model of segregation under tempering considers the influence of alloying and tempering parameters on concentration and thermodynamic activity of carbon in the cc-solid solution. It is based on regression analysis of experimental data on grain boundaries chemical composition obtained by Auger spectroscopy. There is established that grain boundary enrichment by harmful impurities (S and P) is possible after carbon and nitrogen segregation dissolution. The models allow to analyze the competition of elements during formation of GBS and to establish main factors responsible on development of different kinds of embrittlement in engineering steels with various alloying and content of harmful impurities.
Heat treatment and especially quenching Causes distortion and sometimes cracking of a quenched part. To eliminate these undesired by-effects the whole cycle of heat treatment is Simulated by FEM, which makes possible ...
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Heat treatment and especially quenching Causes distortion and sometimes cracking of a quenched part. To eliminate these undesired by-effects the whole cycle of heat treatment is Simulated by FEM, which makes possible a complete metallurgical, thermal and thermoplastic calculation. The goal of this simulation is to bring the whole cycle of heat treatment to optimum-to reach the lowest level of residual stresses possible at its end and to meet the mechanical qualities required by the customer. A lot of complete numerical simulation of heat treatment were done at the Institute of Applied Mechanics (IAM) by the SYSWELD code, mainly the heat treatment of big shafts and plates for Vitkovice Company. The Vitkovice, JSC produces ship-shafts of large dimensions (diameter 2.5 m, length 10 m) and other products which are forged and consequently heat treated. Heat treatment consists of quenching (in water, air and oil), and then tempering follows. The whole simulation was divided into two parts. The aim of the first part was to find correct input data for calculation-The second part consisted of heat treatment simulation with real models.
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