The authors present the main results of a theory of photometric stereo for non-Lambertian surfaces. First, they propose a class of reflectance maps that can be used for a realistic representation of real-world reflect...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081861952x
The authors present the main results of a theory of photometric stereo for non-Lambertian surfaces. First, they propose a class of reflectance maps that can be used for a realistic representation of real-world reflection. Second, they ask how many light sources are needed for inverting this class of reflectance maps. It is shown that three light sources are sufficient for a globally unique inversion for the entire class of reflectance maps. Finally, the authors address the issue of completeness of reconstruction. They show that if k lights are sufficient for a globally unique inversion, 2k lights are necessary for a complete inversion.
A Markov random field (MRF) model-based approach to automated image interpretation is described and demonstrated as a region-based scheme. In this approach, an image is first segemented into a collection of disjoint r...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081861952x
A Markov random field (MRF) model-based approach to automated image interpretation is described and demonstrated as a region-based scheme. In this approach, an image is first segemented into a collection of disjoint regions which form the nodes of an adjacency graph. image interpretation is then achieved through assigning object labels, or interpretations, to the segmented regions, or nodes, using domain knowledge, extracted feature measurements, and spatial relationships between the various regions. The interpretation labels are modeled as a MRF on the corresponding adjacency graph, and the image interpretation problem are formulated as a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation rule. Simulated annealing is used to find the best realization, or optimal interpretation. Through the MRF model, this approach also provides a systematic method for organizing and representing domain knowledge through the clique functions of the probability density function underlying MRF. Results of image interpretation experiments performed on synthetic and real-world images using this approach are described.
A novel depth computation algorithm is described. Based on linear equations derived from the consideration of relative normal velocity, this algorithm determines depth values locally and uniquely from normal velocitie...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081861952x
A novel depth computation algorithm is described. Based on linear equations derived from the consideration of relative normal velocity, this algorithm determines depth values locally and uniquely from normal velocities. Multiple independently moving objects present no problem for the algorithm. A velocity constraint is implemented to estimate normal velocities from intensity images. Experiments to determine depth values from both synthetic images and real images are presented. The experiments show that the depth-recovery algorithm can recover correct values from intensity images. The accuracy of the depth values depends heavily on the accuracy of the normal velocities.
A two-stage algorithm for visual surface reconstruction while preserving discontinuities is presented. The primary contribution is the second stage, a weighted bicubic spline as a surface descriptor. The weighted bicu...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081861952x
A two-stage algorithm for visual surface reconstruction while preserving discontinuities is presented. The primary contribution is the second stage, a weighted bicubic spline as a surface descriptor. The weighted bicubic spline has a factor in the regularizing term that adapts the behavior of the spline across the discontinuity. The weighted bicubic interpolating spline is able to interpolate data with step discontinuities with no discernible distortion (such as Gibbs phenomena) in the interpolated surface. Since regularization is related to spline approximation, extensions to this work should suggest ideas for solving ill-posed problems in vision. Experiments with weighted bicubic spline interpolation are presented.
An intermediate representation based on combined edge and surface data is proposed to support the recognition of objects in cluttered scenes. The representation is based don the premise that local structure of surface...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081861952x
An intermediate representation based on combined edge and surface data is proposed to support the recognition of objects in cluttered scenes. The representation is based don the premise that local structure of surface and edge (wings) can be reliably sensed without higher-level models, while global edge, surface, and part structures cannot be. A sensing system for indoor scenes is discussed which allows fusion of an intensity image and an image where depth is coded using structured light. Surface patches are detected and coarsely typed according to only the 2-D structure in the stripped image together with global knowledge of the stripe projection, while edges are detected from intensity gradients or boundaries of stripe patches. A set of rules is given for describing the 3-D structure corresponding to each wing constructed in the intermediate scene representation. An extended set of rules is proposed for partitioning the set of sensed wings into subsets corresponding to solid-object parts. Reasonable results are reported when these rules are applied to several complex scenes.
An approach to the application of patternrecognition techniques is described by presenting examples of the tissue characterization from an ultrasound image. A Bayesian classifier is used to determine the feasibility ...
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An approach to the application of patternrecognition techniques is described by presenting examples of the tissue characterization from an ultrasound image. A Bayesian classifier is used to determine the feasibility of classifying tissue types and determining some properties of various feature spaces. An application of an unsupervised clustering technique that leads to more inherent properties of the features is described. A hypothesis-testing criterion is described and used to detect focal disease. The results to date are judged promising for tissue characterization of the liver and other abdominal organs.
The authors present a description framework, motivated by perceptual organization, which consists of representations of the geometrical organizations of intensity discontinuities. The descriptors in this framework are...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081861952x
The authors present a description framework, motivated by perceptual organization, which consists of representations of the geometrical organizations of intensity discontinuities. The descriptors in this framework are called collated features, and are groupings identified by perceptual organization. The processes that operate on the image to obtain these descriptors and the visual processes that utilize them are discussed. The detection of collated features is robust to local problems. The structural information encoded in them aids various visual tasks such as object segmentation, correspondence processes (stereo, motion, and model matching), and shape inferences. Two primary grouping processes, cocurvilinearity and symmetry are applied to intensity edge contours to generate the collated features, including curves, symmetries, and ribbons. These collations can be used to segment into visible surfaces of objects and to describe the 2-D shapes of those surfaces.
A novel formulation for shape-from-shading from multiple images acquired under different viewing and lighting conditions is presented. The method is based on using an explicit image formation model to create rendition...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081861952x
A novel formulation for shape-from-shading from multiple images acquired under different viewing and lighting conditions is presented. The method is based on using an explicit image formation model to create renditions of the surface being estimated, which are synthetic versions of the observed images. It is applicable in a variety of imaging situations, including those involving unknown nonuniform albedo. A probabilistic model is developed based on typical characteristics of the surface and minimizing the difference between the synthetic and observed images. This model is used to arrive at Bayesian formulation of the shape-from-shading problem. Techniques are presented to compute an estimate that is statistically optimal in the sense that it is the expected value of the surface, given the set of observations derived from it. The method is applied to Viking imagery of Mars.
An intermediate representation of stereo image data in terms of 3-D line segments is used to extract visible surfaces and their parameters. Methods and algorithms for recovering planar, cylindrical, conical, and spher...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081861952x
An intermediate representation of stereo image data in terms of 3-D line segments is used to extract visible surfaces and their parameters. Methods and algorithms for recovering planar, cylindrical, conical, and spherical surfaces are described, and some test results are presented. The essence of the approach is testing of small sets of 3-D line segments for compatibility with a particular surface type. Maximal sets of segments of supporting different surfaces are then identified. Some of the algorithms involve a novel use of the dual space representation. In the domain of polyhedral scenes initially restricted to blocklike objects and spaces, the planar surfaces are combined, using connectivity, to create 3-D boxes, that correspond either to simple (i.e. convex) objects or spaces, or to convex parts, which are further combined to create composite objects and spaces.
The grid-labeling problem is an instance of the correspondence problem that occurs when structured light is used to gather range data. Here, spatial labeling is examined as an approach to resolving labeling ambiguitie...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081861952x
The grid-labeling problem is an instance of the correspondence problem that occurs when structured light is used to gather range data. Here, spatial labeling is examined as an approach to resolving labeling ambiguities. Spatial labeling is attractive since there are no additional costs of acquisition time or subsequent processing time. A grid labeling algorithm is presented which combines the spatial marking technique of J. LeMigne and A.M. Waxman (1984) with the constraint propagation approach of G. Stockman and G. Hu (1986). It is found accurate grid labeling using the market grid can be accomplished using a subset of Stockman and Hu's constraints. The structured light pattern used and the grid labeling algorithm that makes use of the special markers are described. The results of experiments using this pattern are presented.
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