A novel idea for the analysis of shape from reflectance maps is introduced. It is shown that local surface orientation and curvature constraints can be obtained at points on a smooth surface by computing the instantan...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081861952x
A novel idea for the analysis of shape from reflectance maps is introduced. It is shown that local surface orientation and curvature constraints can be obtained at points on a smooth surface by computing the instantaneous rate of change of reflected scene radiance caused by angular variations in illumination geometry. The resulting instantaneous changes in image irradiance values across an optic sensing array of pixels constitute what is termed a photometric flow field. Unlike optic flow fields, which are instantaneous changes in position across an optic array of pixels caused by relative motion, there is no correspondence problem with respect to obtaining the instantaneous change in image irradiance values between successive image frames. This is because the object and camera remain static relative to one another as the illumination geometry changes. Simulations show how photometric flow fields quantitatively determine local surface orientation from a known incident orientation of an illuminator, as well as determining incident illuminator orientation from a known local surface orientation.
The author shows how a scale dimension can be added to Marr's (1976) primal sketch to facilitate construction of multiscale descriptions of two-dimensional scales. In contrast to conventional scale-space approache...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081861952x
The author shows how a scale dimension can be added to Marr's (1976) primal sketch to facilitate construction of multiscale descriptions of two-dimensional scales. In contrast to conventional scale-space approaches, this method omits any smoothing or blurring and performs grouping operations on symbolic shape tokens residing in a scale-space blackboard data structure. Two types of grouping operation are introduced: 1) fine-to-coarse aggregation of primitive-edge tokens builds coarser-scale edge maps from finer-scale information;and 2) pairwise grouping of symmetrically placed primitive edges gives rise to a primitive partial region token denoting curved-contour, primitive-corner, and bar events. The resulting collection of tokens makes the fundamental edge and region components of a shape's geometry available to later symbolic processes, leading to shape recognition or other tasks.
An empirical study of the accuracy of five different curvature estimation techniques, using synthetic range images and images obtained from three range sensors, is presented. The results obtained highlight the problem...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081861952x
An empirical study of the accuracy of five different curvature estimation techniques, using synthetic range images and images obtained from three range sensors, is presented. The results obtained highlight the problems inherent in accurate estimation of curvatures, which are second-order quantities, and thus highly sensitive to noise contamination. The numerical curvature estimation methods are found to perform about as accurately as the analytic techniques, although ensemble estimates of overall surface curvature such as averages are unreliable unless trimmed estimates are used. The median proved to be the best estimator of location. As an exception, it is shown theoretically that zero curvature can be fairly reliably detected, with appropriate selection of threshold values.
A vision system to recognize 3-D objects is presented. A novel notion of generalized feature makes it possible to develop a homogeneous architecture to support recognition from simple partial features to complex featu...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081861952x
A vision system to recognize 3-D objects is presented. A novel notion of generalized feature makes it possible to develop a homogeneous architecture to support recognition from simple partial features to complex feature assemblies and 3-D objects. Layered concurrent parameter transforms vote for feature hypotheses on the basis of image data and previously reconstructed features. recognition networks, motivated by connectionist systems, collect votes, fuse evidence from various sources and ensure global consistency. In addition, they provide an integrated solution to the segmentation problem. The highly modular design allows fundamentally different types of features to interact in a coherent way, utilizing redundancies for more robust recognition. Within this paradigm, a system extracts planar patches, patches of quadrics of revolution, and the intersection curves of these surfaces (lines and conic sections in three-space) from a depth map. Reconstructed features index into a model database to form consistent object hypotheses. Experimental results detailing the recognition behavior on real depth maps are included.
The collection of image sequences for quantitative experiments in motion analysis is discussed. To assess the effectiveness of a motion algorithm it is necessary to obtain motion data with ground truth of known accura...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081861952x
The collection of image sequences for quantitative experiments in motion analysis is discussed. To assess the effectiveness of a motion algorithm it is necessary to obtain motion data with ground truth of known accuracy. The authors describe motion data collected using the imaging facilities provided by the autonomous land vehicle (ALV). A total of eight sequences of about 30 frames each were collected at five different outdoor sites using move-and-shoot and stop-and-shoot methods. For all the sequences accurate ground truth of environmental objects were determined using theodolites and a laser range finder. The camera egomotion parameters (this included both translation and rotation) were determined using a land navigation system on the ALV. Example images of the data set collected and an analysis of one of the sequences are presented.
Previous work has demonstrated that the task of recovering local disparity measurements can be reduced to the task of measuring the local phase between bandpass signals extracted from the left and right cameras. In co...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081861952x
Previous work has demonstrated that the task of recovering local disparity measurements can be reduced to the task of measuring the local phase between bandpass signals extracted from the left and right cameras. In computing this local phase difference, earlier algorithms expressed the computational task as a nonlinear differential equation to be solved at each image point. Although this approach has great appeal as a model for biological disparity measurement, the solving of a differential equation at a large number of image points and disparities makes the algorithm unsuitable for serial digital computer applications. Here, the authors demonstrate how the approach of recovering disparity from the measurement of local phase differences can be accomplished without the computational expense exhibited by previous algorithms. The disparity measurement technique is embedded within a simple coarse-to-fine stereopsis similar to the algorithm proposed by H.K. Nishihara (1984) and the resulting algorithm is applied to a number of stereo pairs.
The space curves are highly descriptive features for 3-D objects. Invariant representations for space curves are discussed. The authors introduce a complex waveform representation for space curves. The waveform is par...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081861952x
The space curves are highly descriptive features for 3-D objects. Invariant representations for space curves are discussed. The authors introduce a complex waveform representation for space curves. The waveform is parameterized by arc length. Also proposed is an invariant representation of space curves using the 3-D moment invariants of their breakpoints. Space-curve matching using invariant global features is discussed. An algorithm for matching partially occluded 3-D curves is also presented in which an association graph is constructed from local matchings. The mixture cliques of the graph will determine the longest portion of the model curves in the scene.
A knowledge-based approach to the detection, tracking, and classification of ground-based formations of point targets in sequences of digitized forward-looking infrared (FLIR) image sequences is presented. It is extre...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081861952x
A knowledge-based approach to the detection, tracking, and classification of ground-based formations of point targets in sequences of digitized forward-looking infrared (FLIR) image sequences is presented. It is extremely difficult, using only information in the imagery, to achieve a high probability of detection of such point targets, while maintaining a low false-alarm rate, since point targets have few reliable features to distinguish them from small clutter objects. Use of a priori contextual information can improve the performance of an automated system considerably. The present system has two components: a point target detector and tracker (PTD) which processes the image sequences and supplies candidate point targets to the knowledge-based target formation detector for clustering into formations, which are then classified as linear, V, and the like. The system has been implemented in software written in C and Common Lisp and evaluated on a variety of FLIR image sequences. The results indicate that, in all cases, the knowledge base improves system performance over that attained by the PTD alone.
The rapid solution of surface interpolation and other regularization problems on massively parallel architectures is an important problem within computer vision. Fast relaxation algorithms can be used to integrate spa...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081861952x
The rapid solution of surface interpolation and other regularization problems on massively parallel architectures is an important problem within computer vision. Fast relaxation algorithms can be used to integrate sparse data, resolve ambiguities in optic flow fields, and guide stereo matching algorithms. Here, an alternative to multigrid relaxation which is much easier to implement is presented. This approach uses conjugate-gradient descent in conjunction with a hierarchical (multiresolution) set of basis functions. The resulting algorithm uses a pyramid to smooth the residual vector before the new direction is computed. Simulation results show the speed and its dependence on the choice of interpolator, the number of smoothing levels, and other factors. Also discussed is the relationship of this approach to other multiresolution relaxation and representation schemes.
An approach to the computation of a representation of objects with a planar and curved faces using discontinuity features in range images is presented. Edge maps are computed from real laser triangulation images using...
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ISBN:
(纸本)081861952x
An approach to the computation of a representation of objects with a planar and curved faces using discontinuity features in range images is presented. Edge maps are computed from real laser triangulation images using local operators and shadow analysis, and then structured into an edge-junction graph embedding and quantitative information. This is achieved by appealing to certain concepts of line-drawing analysis adapted to the three-dimensional nature of range imaging. The edge-oriented method is primarily useful for objects that are well-described by their edges. The main advantage of edge-based descriptions is that no fixed surface primitives are assumed. On the other hand, this scheme can only represent objects without any surface crease edges (such as a sphere) by viewpoint-dependent limb edges. This information may be insufficient for the ensuing high-level task. Thus, a generalization of the description format might include a surface analysis to provide a richer representation.
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