Cloud infrastructures are evolving from centralised systems to geographically distributed federations of edge devices, fog nodes, and clouds - often known as the Cloud-Edge Continuum. Continuum systems are dynamic, of...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9798331539580
Cloud infrastructures are evolving from centralised systems to geographically distributed federations of edge devices, fog nodes, and clouds - often known as the Cloud-Edge Continuum. Continuum systems are dynamic, often massive in scale, and feature disparate infrastructure providers and platforms;this greatly increase the complexity of developing and managing applications. The Serverless paradigm shows the potential to greatly simplify the process of building Continuum applications - however, current scheduling mechanisms for Serverless Continuum platforms pay little attention to reducing the energy consumption and improving the sustainability of function execution. This is a significant omission, made worse as computing nodes within a Continuum may be powered by renewable energy sources that are intermittent and unpredictable, making low-powered and bottleneck nodes unavailable. There is great opportunity to design a decentralized energy management scheme for scheduling Serverless functions that takes advantage of the different layers of the Continuum, such as IoT devices located at the Edge, on-premises clusters closer to the data sources, or directly on large Cloud infrastructures. To achieve this, we formally model a green energy-aware Serverless workload scheduling problem for the multi-provider Cloud-Edge Continuum. We then design stable matching based technique for decentralized energy management (utilising a distributed controller) that considers the availability of green energy nodes and the QoS requirements of Serverless functions. We prove the complexity, stability and termination of the proposed heuristic algorithm, and also compare its performance with baseline scheduling techniques.
Multi-agent systems are examples of complex distributed systems enabling dynamic adaptation in providing their services. By establishing on-the-fly collaborations, the agents can execute complex scenarios and adapt to...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9798350376975;9798350376968
Multi-agent systems are examples of complex distributed systems enabling dynamic adaptation in providing their services. By establishing on-the-fly collaborations, the agents can execute complex scenarios and adapt to changing operating conditions including agent failures. We investigate how goal-oriented modelling can enhance reliability by providing a structured support for designing fault tolerant service orchestration.
Modern applications often invoke web services to access remote data and functionalities. The current service-oriented paradigm is "one-size-fits-all," where App developers expect a single service to deliver ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9798350386066;9798350386059
Modern applications often invoke web services to access remote data and functionalities. The current service-oriented paradigm is "one-size-fits-all," where App developers expect a single service to deliver satisfying Quality of service (QoS) to all geographically and temporally dispersed clients. However, our empirical study reveals that despite the pervasive use of CDN and edge computing, many web services deliver significantly varied QoS to different users, resulting in some clients suffering from poor user experience. This paper introduces service polymorphism, a novel software paradigm that serves dispersed clients dissimilarly to improve their perceived QoS. service polymorphism allows a client to maintain a list of equivalent services and invokes the one that offers the optimal QoS in the invocation context. The main challenge in supporting service polymorphism lies in minimizing the overhead for fine-grained QoS sensing. To address this challenge, we propose an edge-based QoS sharing mechanism that aggregates the context-specific QoS in edge servers, and allows clients to retrieve the QoS from local WiFi Access Points with minimized latency to decide the optimal service. Our evaluation shows that service polymorphism improves QoS significantly for 8 services out of 20, reducing their average latency by 231 ms (45%), tail latency by 80 ms (12%), and error ratio from 0.2% to 0%.
Function-as-a-service (FaaS) has been the primary component to drive the movement toward serverless computing. These lightweight and scalable components, though attractive, are non-trivial to accommodate the needs of ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9798350304817
Function-as-a-service (FaaS) has been the primary component to drive the movement toward serverless computing. These lightweight and scalable components, though attractive, are non-trivial to accommodate the needs of long-running stateful applications. In this paper, we highlight the drawbacks of existing stateful FaaS proposals, in turn motivating the need to rethink the stateful serverless model for building general-purpose applications, while maintaining its benefits such as auto-scaling and pay-per-use cost model. We present a novel serverless model based on the object-oriented (OO) programming paradigm, with Object-as-a-service (OaaS), acting as the only component of the serverless design. Through our experimental evaluations, we demonstrate that the proposed architecture, named SCOOP, can improve the end-to-end latency of applications by 52% and 58%, compared to the state-of-the-art stateless and stateful FaaS implementations, respectively, while reducing the SLO violations by up to 14% by scaling resources based on the traffic fluctuations in the WITS and Berkeley traces.
In recent years, Cloud-Edge computing continuum paradigms have received increasing attention to support the deployment of latency-critical and bandwidth-hungry applications enabled by the Internet-of-Things. Meanwhile...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9798350322392
In recent years, Cloud-Edge computing continuum paradigms have received increasing attention to support the deployment of latency-critical and bandwidth-hungry applications enabled by the Internet-of-Things. Meanwhile, the dramatic increase in energy consumption of ICT calls for new methodologies to reduce the ecological impact of application orchestration, making it environmentally sustainable. This article conducts a systematic literature review of the state-of-the-art related to environmentally sustainable orchestration of containerised applications in Cloud-Edge settings. Ultimately, it points to open challenges and directions for future work in the field.
While the first generation of cloud computing systems mitigated the job of system administrators, the next generation of cloud computing systems is emerging to mitigate the burden for cloud developers-facilitating the...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9798350354720;9798350354713
While the first generation of cloud computing systems mitigated the job of system administrators, the next generation of cloud computing systems is emerging to mitigate the burden for cloud developers-facilitating the development of cloud-native applications. This paradigm shift is primarily happening by offering higher-level serverless abstractions, such as Function as a service (FaaS). Although FaaS has successfully abstracted developers from the cloud resource management details, it falls short in abstracting the management of both data (i.e., state) and the non-functional aspects, such as Quality of service (QoS) requirements. The lack of such abstractions implies developer intervention and is counterproductive to the objective of mitigating the burden of cloud-native application development. To further streamline cloud-native application development, we present Object-as-a-service (OaaS)-a serverless paradigm that borrows the object-oriented programming concepts to encapsulate application logic and data in addition to non-functional requirements into a single deployment package, thereby streamlining provider-agnostic cloud-native application development. We realized the OaaS paradigm through the development of an open-source platform called Oparaca. In this tutorial, we will present the concept and design of the OaaS paradigm and its implementation-the Oparaca platform. Then, we give a tutorial on developing and deploying the application on the Oparaca platform and discuss its benefits and its optimal configurations to avoid potential overheads.
Serverless computing is a modern computing model which is mainly based on serverless functions. These functions are combined with other serverless functions and services to build applications whose integration has to ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9798350322392
Serverless computing is a modern computing model which is mainly based on serverless functions. These functions are combined with other serverless functions and services to build applications whose integration has to be tested. Coverage criteria are commonly used to determine the relevance of test cases within a test suite. However, it is unclear how effective these criteria are at detecting faults. To investigate this issue, we designed an experiment in which we injected faults into several applications by using mutation operators. Tests suites fulfilling different coverage criteria were run on these applications and compared to randomly generated test suites and each other. Our results showed that the use of coverage criteria can significantly improve the identification of integration-related faults. Additionally, our research suggests that it is beneficial to apply some coverage criteria in an earlier stage to quickly identify faults, before moving on to more comprehensive criteria. Therefore, by applying coverage criteria, developers can create and select relevant test cases and improve the quality of the serverless applications built.
service placement in cloud-edge environments is complex because workloads must be placed on constrained nodes based on particular objectives, like response time, energy, or cost. Many advanced techniques emerged over ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9798331539580
service placement in cloud-edge environments is complex because workloads must be placed on constrained nodes based on particular objectives, like response time, energy, or cost. Many advanced techniques emerged over time to tackle this issue. However, real-world experiments are the minority. Theoretical and simulation-based evaluations are prevalent. We present a Platform for Universal and Lightweight Cloud-Edge Orchestration (PULCEO) to foster real-world evaluations. It supports creating, operating, monitoring, evaluating, and documenting orchestration solutions via a RESTful API. For evaluation, we performed a case study. We used PULCEO to reproduce a representative and theoretically designed solution for service placement in a real-world environment. Our platform can transfer theoretical orchestration solutions to real-world environments. Consequently, our platform simplifies realworld experiments with topology creation, dynamic link quality measurement, evaluation, and documentation automation.
Serverless computing can favor the emergence of complex and error-prone applications. In order to gain observability in such applications, distributed tracing can be used. However, as serverless computing relies on th...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9798350322392
Serverless computing can favor the emergence of complex and error-prone applications. In order to gain observability in such applications, distributed tracing can be used. However, as serverless computing relies on the pay-per-use billing model, utilizing distributed tracing tools can have a noticeable impact on the resulting costs. Therefore, this paper investigates the impact of distributed tracing in serverless applications by exploring and comparing the efficiency characteristics of three selected distributed tracing tools - Zipkin, OpenTelemetry, and SkyWalking. In particular, the runtime, the memory usage, and the initialization duration were examined by benchmarking AWS Lambda function invocations. In the experiments, Zipkin imposed the lowest runtime overhead with an average of 10.73 %, while SkyWalking introduced the highest overhead with an average runtime overhead of 50.67 %. OpenTelemetry added 24.19% additional runtime. Besides runtime overheads, significantly higher memory usage and initialization durations were detected for all tools. Therefore, the results suggest that distributed tracing can significantly impact the efficiency of serverless applications. Nevertheless, differences could be observed concerning tracing mechanisms and use cases. This helps developers to carefully select the most suitable tracing tool considering factors such as runtime overhead, memory usage, and initialization durations.
The proceedings contain 18 papers. The special focus in this conference is on Edge Adoption and Migration. The topics include: Towards Resolving Security Smells in Microservice-Based applications;towards Citizen-Centr...
ISBN:
(纸本)9783030719050
The proceedings contain 18 papers. The special focus in this conference is on Edge Adoption and Migration. The topics include: Towards Resolving Security Smells in Microservice-Based applications;towards Citizen-Centric Marketplaces for Urban Sensed Data;DevOps and Quality Management in Serverless computing: The RADON Approach;5G-CARMEN: service Continuity in 5G-Enabled Edge Clouds;services computing for Cyber-Threat Intelligence: The ANITA Approach;Quality Assurance of Heterogeneous applications: The SODALITE Approach;fogProtect: Protecting Sensitive Data in the computing Continuum;intelligent Monitoring of Virtualized services;edge computing Simulation Platforms: A Technology Survey;platforms for Serverless at the Edge: A Review;formal Modeling and Simulation of Collaborative Intelligent Robots;virtual Machine Placement for Edge and Cloud computing;Cloud-Edge Microservice Architecture for DNN-based Distributed Multimedia Event Processing;modelling service-oriented Systems and Cloud services with Heraklit;an Evaluation of Frameworks for Microservices Development;mining the Architecture of Microservice-Based applications from their Kubernetes Deployment.
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