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An Aspect-oriented Approach for Dealing with Non-Functional Requirements in a Model-Driven Development of distributed Embedded real-time Systems

An Aspect-Oriented Approach for Dealing with Non-Functional ...

引用

international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Marco A. Wehrmeister Edison P. Freitas Carlos E. Pereira Flavio R. Wagner UFRGS Instituto de Informática Brazil Department Engenharia Elétrica UFRGS Brazil

This work presents a proposal to use aspect orientation in the analysis and design of distributed embedded real-time systems (DERTS). These systems have several requirements directly related to their main characteristics, the so-called non-functional requirements (NFR), which refer to orthogonal properties, conditions, and restrictions that are spread out over the entire system. Pure object-oriented methods do not address successfully those so called cross-cutting concerns, so new technologies, like aspect orientation, are applied in order to fulfill this gap. The paper presents DERAF i stributed embedded real-time aspects framework, an extensible and high-level framework (i.e. implementation-independent) to handle NFR of DERTS at earlier design stages. DERAF combines the use of aspects with RT-UML, aiming to separate the handling of non-functional from functional requirements in the model driven design of DERTS. The paper presents the use of DERAF on a case study of an unmanned air vehicle (UAV)

关键词： real time systems object oriented modeling Proposals Unmanned aerial vehicles Functional programming Control systems Helicopters Guidelines Timing jitter Delay effects

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A component-Based Methodology to Design Arbitrary Failure Detectors for distributed Protocols

A Component-Based Methodology to Design Arbitrary Failure De...

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Roberto Baldoni Jean-Michel Helary Sara Tucci Piergiovanni Dip. di Informatica e Sistemistica Antonio Ruberti Universitá di Roma La Sapienza Italy Campus de Beaulieu University of Rennes I Rennes France

Nowadays, there are many protocols able to cope with process crashes, but, unfortunately, a process crash represents only a particular faulty behavior. Handling tougher failures (e.g. sending omission failures, receive omission failures, arbitrary failures) is a real practical challenge due to malicious attacks or unexpected software errors. This paper proposes a component-based methodology allowing to take a protocol A resilient to crash failures and to add software components, namely liveness and safety failure detectors, in order to adapt the protocol A to be resilient to more general failures than crashes, without changing the code of A. Then, the feasibility of this approach is shown, by providing an implementation of liveness failure detectors and of safety failure detectors for a protocol solving the problem of global data computation

关键词： Design methodology Detectors Protocols Computer crashes Fault detection Software safety Context modeling Resists Resilience distributed computing

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Periodic Finite-State Machines

Periodic Finite-State Machines

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： H. Kopetz C. El-Salloum B. Huber R. Obermaisser Institut für Technische Informatik Vienna Austria

Finite state machine (FSM) models are widely used to model the operations of computer systems. Since the basic FSM model is timeless, it is not possible to model within the basic FSM framework system properties that are dependent on the progression of real time, such as the duration of computations or the limited temporal validity of real-time data. To overcome these limitations, efforts have been made to modify the FSM model to include some notion of time. It is the objective of this paper to expand existing work on basic FSMs and timed automata to include the concept of a sparse global time base as a central element of the model. We call such an extended FSM model a periodic finite state machine (PFSM) model. The PFSM model also incorporates the notions of state variables, global time, periodic clock constraints, and time-triggered activities. Thereby, PFSMs enable a concise and intuitive representation of distributed control systems and reduce the gap between a modeled system and its implementation

关键词： Clocks Predictive models Automata real time systems time factors distributed control Humans Problem-solving time measurement Synchronization

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A Unified Benchmarking Process for components in Automotive Embedded Systems Software

A Unified Benchmarking Process for Components in Automotive ...

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Wolfgang Forster Christof Kutschera Dietmar Schreiner Karl M. Goschka Institute of Information Systems Distributed Systems Group University of Technology Vienna Vienna Austria Department of Embedded Systems University of Applied Sciences-Technikum Wien Vienna Austria

During the last years, component based software development has become a well accepted software engineering paradigm within the automotive industry. This fact is not only reflected by upcoming development tools but also by newly arising automotive software standards. In component based software engineering, applications are built by assembling small reusable building blocks, the components. Typically more than one component implementation meets the application developer's requirements, so proper selection of the assembled components becomes a key element of the whole procurement and engineering process. This paper's contribution is twofold: First, a basic set of performance and dependability metrics and measures for automotive components is identified. Second, a unified benchmarking process is proposed, that allows an unambiguous comparison of distinct component implementations of a given component class.

关键词： Automotive engineering Embedded system Embedded software Software systems Software engineering Application software Assembly Programming Computer industry Software standards

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Analyzing Behavior of Concurrent Software Designs for Embedded Systems

Analyzing Behavior of Concurrent Software Designs for Embedd...

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Robert G. Pettit IV Hassan Gomaa 15049 Conference Center Drive Aerospace Corporation Chantilly VA USA Information and Software Engineering Department George Mason University Fairfax VA USA

This paper describes an integrated approach for the design and subsequent behavioral analysis of concurrent software designs for embedded systems. The approach integrates software design using the COMET concurrent object-oriented design method, colored Petri net (CPN) modeling, and performance measurement of the target system. The approach combines information from platform-independent and platform-specific models to construct analyses of software architectures for embedded systems. It allows an engineer/analyst to examine behavioral and performance properties of a software architecture design paired with a candidate implementation architecture. Applying the behavioral design patterns in the UML-based design along with corresponding CPN templates, the results from the analyses can be directly mapped back to the original design artifacts. The approach is illustrated using a robot controller case study

关键词： Software design Embedded system object oriented modeling Software architecture Design methodology Measurement Information analysis Design engineering Performance analysis Computer architecture

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Efficient Adaptations of the Non-Blocking Buffer for Event Message Communication between real-time Threads

Efficient Adaptations of the Non-Blocking Buffer for Event M...

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： K.H. Kim Juan A. Colmenares Kee-Wook Rim Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of California Irvine USA Computing Institute Engineering Faculty University of Zulia Venezuela Division of Computer and Information Sciences Sunmoon University South Korea

Enabling message communication among concurrent computing threads without relying on mutual exclusion (i.e., locking) is highly desirable in real-time computing systems. This paper presents a refined version of the Non-Blocking Buffer (NBB), which is a lock-free interaction mechanism that enables efficient event-message communication between a single producer thread and a single consumer thread. The NBB scheme presented here contains improvements over the previous version in two aspects. First, application designers now have the flexibility of choosing the consumer's retry strategy for the case when the buffer is empty but the producer is in the middle of inserting an item. Second, in the refined version the producer inserts pointers to data items into the buffer whereas the consumer obtains copies of the items. This design is consistent with the fact that shared heap management must be avoided to enable fully lock-free interaction between the producer and the consumer. This paper also discusses the approaches based on the NBB mechanism for supporting all conceivable producer-consumer scenarios.

关键词： Yarn real time systems Concurrent computing Timing Refining Middleware distributed computing Operating systems Programming profession Design engineering

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Towards a Layered Architecture for object-Based Execution in Wide-Area Deeply Embedded computing

Towards a Layered Architecture for Object-Based Execution in...

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Tarek Abdelzaher Qing Cao Raghu Ganti Dan Henriksson Maifi Khan Jin Heo Chengdu Huang Praveen Jayachandran Hieu Khac Le Liqian Luo Yu-En Tsai Department of Computer Science University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL USA

Sensor networks introduce a new application domain and set of challenges in distributed computing including new network-level programming languages, global system abstractions, and general-purpose communication protocols. These challenges are brought about by the tight integration of computation, communication, and distributed real-time interaction with the physical world. With the growing interest in interconnecting different sensor networks across a wide-area communication infrastructure, an overarching challenge becomes one of arriving at an agreed-upon global sensor network architecture that ensures interoperability. Unlike the Internet, where a layered communication stack (namely, the TCP/IP stack) defines the network architecture, a sensor network architecture must unify not only communication interfaces but also programming interfaces, since network communication and computation functions are tightly intertwined. In that sense, the sensor network architecture refers to a layered stack of distributed computing abstractions. This paper presents an architecture and key considerations in designing and interconnecting local and global sensor networks. Candidate protocols and middleware instantiations are described from the authors' ongoing work that meet the discussed considerations

关键词： Computer architecture Embedded computing distributed computing Protocols Sensor systems and applications Computer languages Physics computing LAN interconnection IP networks TCPIP

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real-time Tasks Scheduling with Value Control to Predict Timing Faults During Overload

Real-Time Tasks Scheduling with Value Control to Predict Tim...

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Crineu Tres Leandro Buss Becker Edgar Nett Automation and Systems Department Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianopolis Santa Catarina Brazil Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg Institute for Distributed Systems (IVS) Magdeburg Germany

Modern real-time applications are very dynamic and cannot cope with the use of worst case execution time to avoid overload situations. Therefore scheduling algorithms that are able to prevent timing faults during overload are required. In this context, the value parameter has become useful to add generality and flexibility to such systems. In this paper, we present the scheduling algorithm called DMB (dynamic misses based), which is capable of dynamically changing tasks value in order to adjust their importance according to its timing faults rate. The main goal of DMB is to allow the prediction of timing faults during overloads and thereby support a dynamic tuning of tasks fault rate. It is used to enhance the features of the previously defined TAFT (time-aware fault-tolerant) scheduler. Obtained results show that DMB in conjunction with TAFT reached the most promising results during overloads, allowing to control tasks degradation in a graceful and determined way

关键词： Timing Processor scheduling Scheduling algorithm Digital multimedia broadcasting real time systems Dynamic scheduling Fault tolerance Automatic control Control systems Automation

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A Timing Assumption and a t-Resilient Protocol for Implementing an Eventual Leader service in Asynchronous Shared Memory Systems

A Timing Assumption and a t-Resilient Protocol for Implement...

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Antonio Fernandez Ernesto Jimenez Michel Raynal Gilles Tredan LADyR Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Mostoles Spain EUI Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Madrid Spain IRISA Université de Rennes Rennes France

While electing an eventual common leader, despite process crashes, in a shared memory system where the processes communicate only by reading and writing shared registers is possible when the processes progress synchronously, this problem becomes impossible to solve as soon as the processes can progress in a fully asynchronous way. So, an important problem consists in finding additional behavioral assumptions that are, at the same time, "as weak as possible" (in order they are practically always satisfied), and "strong enough" in order to allow implementing an eventual leader service despite the net effect of asynchrony and failures. This paper focuses on this dilemma. More explicitly, it investigates a timing assumption that allows implementing an eventual leader in presence of partial asynchrony and process crashes. The proposed timing assumptions are particularly weak. They are the following: after some time (i) there is a process that behaves synchronously, and (ii) (t - f) other processes have timers that work correctly (t is the maximal number of processes that may crash, and f the actual number of process crashes; a timer works incorrectly when it expires too early with respect to the value it has been set). Then, the paper proposes a t-resilient protocol that elects an eventual common leader in any shared memory system that satisfies the previous assumption. Interestingly, this protocol is based on simple design principles.

关键词： Timing Protocols Computer crashes Registers Atomic layer deposition Read-write memory Writing Context-aware services Broadcasting Nominations and elections

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On Best-Effort real-time Assurances for Recovering from Distributable Thread Failures in distributed real-time Systems

On Best-Effort Real-Time Assurances for Recovering from Dist...

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Binoy Ravindran Edward Curley Jonathan S. Anderson E. Douglas Jensen ECE Department Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg VA USA MITRE Corporation Bedford MA USA

We consider the problem of recovering from failures of distributable threads in distributed real-time systems that operate under run-time uncertainties including those on thread execution times, thread arrivals, and node failure occurrences. When a thread encounters a node failure, it causes orphans. Under a termination model, the orphans must be detected and aborted, and exceptions must be delivered to farthest, contiguous surviving thread segment for resuming thread execution. Our application/scheduling model includes distributable threads and their exception handlers that are subject to time/utility function (TUF) time constraints and a utility accrual (UA) optimality criterion. A key underpinning of the TUF/UA scheduling paradigm is the notion of "best-effort" where high importance threads are always favored over low importance ones, irrespective of thread urgency. We present a scheduling algorithm called HUA and a thread integrity protocol called TPR. We show that HUA and TPR bound the orphan cleanup and recovery time with bounded loss of the best-effort property. Our implementation experience of HUA/TPR within Sun's distributed real-time specification for Java demonstrates the algorithm/protocol's effectiveness

关键词： real time systems Yarn time factors Uncertainty Scheduling algorithm Subscriptions Protocols Sun Java Processor scheduling

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