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Bias-Scalable Near-Memory CMOS Analog Processor for Machine Learning

ieee journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems 2023年第1期13卷 312-322页

作者： Kumar, Pratik Nandi, Ankita Chakrabartty, Shantanu Thakur, Chetan Singh Indian Inst Sci Dept Elect Syst Engn NeuRon Lab Bengaluru 560012 India Washington Univ St Louis Dept Elect & Syst Engn St Louis MO 63130 USA

Bias-scalable analog computing is attractive for implementing machine learning (ML) processors with distinct power-performance specifications. For instance, ML implementations for server workloads are focused on higher computational throughput for faster training, whereas ML implementations for edge devices are focused on energy-efficient inference. In this paper, we demonstrate the implementation of bias-scalable approximate analog computing circuits using the generalization of the margin-propagation principle called shape-based analog computing (S-AC). The resulting S-AC core integrates several near-memory compute elements, which include: (a) non-linear activation functions;(b) inner-product compute circuits;and (c) a mixed-signal compressive memory, all of which can be scaled for performance or power while preserving its functionality. Using measured results from prototypes fabricated in a 180nm CMOS process, we demonstrate that the performance of computing modules remains robust to transistor biasing and variations in temperature. In this paper, we also demonstrate the effect of bias-scalability and computational accuracy on a simple ML regression task.

关键词： Transistors Shape Schottky diodes Training Task analysis Machine learning circuits and systems Analog approximate computing generalized margin-propagation shape-based analog computing machine learning memory DAC analog multiplier ReLU

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Bipolar Semiactive Bridge Converter With Cross-Cycle Modulation for Resilience Enhancement in Bipolar DC Distribution systems

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2024年第3期12卷 2406-2418页

作者： Chen, Yijia Ma, Jianjun Zhu, Miao Li, Yunwei Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Sch Elect Informat & Elect Engn Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Coll Smart Energy Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China Univ Alberta Dept Elect & Comp Engn Edmonton AB T6G 2V4 Canada

In a bipolar dc distribution system, a monopolar fault can result in a power outage for the load connected to the faulted pole. To provide a resilient load supply, a bipolar semiactive bridge (BiSAB) converter is proposed in this article as an interface converter. With the proposed BiSAB converter, the monopolar short-circuit fault can be blocked from the load, and uninterrupted power can be drawn from the normal pole. During normal bipolar operation, the BiSAB converter can also provide power regulation capability between the positive and negative poles. Moreover, the cross-cycle modulation strategy is proposed and implemented on the BiSAB to improve the efficiency in the normal bipolar mode. The characteristics and fault-tolerant function of the proposed converter and modulation strategy are verified by experiment, and the resilient load supply capability of the BiSAB is validated.

关键词： Topology Modulation Circuit faults Bridge circuits Switches Fault tolerant systems Fault tolerance Bipolar dc distribution system cross-cycle modulation dc-dc interface converter fault reconfiguration semiactive bridge

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Do We Need 10 bits? Assessing HEVC Encoders for Energy-Efficient HDR Video Streaming

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ieee journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems 2025年第1期15卷 31-43页

作者： Mercat, Alexandre Sainio, Joose Le Moan, Steven Herglotz, Christian Tampere Univ TAU Ultra Video Grp Tampere 33720 Finland Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol NTNU Dept Comp Sci ColorLab N-2815 Gjovik Norway Brandenburg Tech Univ Cottbus Senftenberg BTU Chair Comp Engn D-03046 Cottbus Germany

High-dynamic range (HDR) video content has gained popularity due to its enhanced color depth and luminance range, but it also presents new challenges in terms of compression efficiency and energy consumption. In this paper, we present an in-depth study of the compression performance and energy efficiency of HDR video encoding using High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). In addition to using a native 10-bit HDR encoding configuration as a reference, we explore whether applying tone mapping to an 8-bit representation before encoding can result in additional bitrate and energy savings without compromising visual quality. The main contributions of this work are as follows: 1) a detailed evaluation of four HDR video encoding configurations, three of which leverage tone mapping techniques, 2) a comprehensive experimental setup involving over 15,000 individual encodings across three open-source HEVC encoders (Kvazaar, x265, and SVT-HEVC) and multiple presets, 3) the use of two advanced perception-based metrics for BD-rate calculations, one of which is specifically tailored to capture colour distortions and 4) an open-source dataset consisting of all experimental results for further research. Among the three tone-mapping configurations tested, our findings show that a simple bit-shifting approach can achieves significant reductions in both bitrate and energy consumption compared to the native 10-bit HDR encoding configuration. This research aims to lay an initial foundation for understanding the balance between coding efficiency and energy consumption in HDR video encoding, offering valuable insights to guide future advancements in the field.

关键词： Encoding Streaming media Decoding Image color analysis Energy consumption circuits and systems Bit rate Quality assessment Energy measurement Energy efficiency high-dynamic range high-efficiency video coding (HEVC) tone mapping video coding

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Guest Editorial Introduction to the Special Section on the 2023 ieee International Solid-State circuits Conference (ISSCC)

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ieee journal OF SOLID-STATE circuits 2023年第11期58卷 2952-2954页

作者： Kiani, Mehdi Sengupta, Kaushik Penn State Univ Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci University Pk PA 16802 USA Princeton Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Princeton NJ 08544 USA

This Special Section of ieee journal of Solidstate circuits (JSSC) highlights outstanding papers presented at the 2023 ieee International Solid-State circuits Conference (ISSCC), which was held from February 19 to 23, 2023, in San Francisco, USA, under the conference theme “Building on 70 years of Innovation in Solid-State Circuit Design.” ISSCC is the foremost global forum for the presentation of advances in solid-state circuits and systems-on-a-chip and offers a unique opportunity for engineers working at the cutting edge of integrated circuit (IC) design and application. The conference includes several technical programs ranging from analog to mixed-mode, digital, RF, and power management circuits and systems with applications in a wide variety of fields. This JSSC Special Section highlights selected papers from ISSCC particularly on topics related to the Imagers, MEMS, Medical, and Displays (IMMD), and Technology Directions (TD) technical programs.

关键词： Special issues and sections Meetings Solid state circuits

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Low-Loss and Compact Millimeter-Wave Silicon-Based Filters: Overview, New Developments in Silicon-on-Insulator Technology, and Future Trends

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ieee journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems 2024年第1期14卷 30-40页

作者： Nericua, Robert Wang, Ke Zhu, He Gomez-Garcia, Roberto Zhu, Xi Univ Technol Sydney Fac Engn & IT Sch Elect & Data Engn Ultimo NSW 2007 Australia Mfg Commonwealth Sci & Ind Res Org CSIRO West Lindfield NSW 2070 Australia Univ Alcala Dept Signal Theory & Commun Madrid 28871 Spain

This paper presents an overview of Silicon-based millimeter-wave (mm-wave) passive devices for bandpass and bandstop filtering applications, while also reporting originally-conceived filter developments and future trends. First of all, the state-of-the-art on mm-wave low-loss bandpass filters (BPFs) is covered, and new BPF designs are shown. The engineered BPFs employ a center-tapped ring architecture with shunt-connected capacitors to realize a standard 2(nd)-order baseline BPF design, which is subsequently scaled to 30-GHz and 60-GHz operational frequencies. To increase the selectivity as well as the stopband rejection levels of this baseline BPF, the in-series cascade connection of the baseline BPF units is used for a higher-order BPF realization. For experimental-validation purposes, a total of four mm-wave BPFs based on these design strategies are implemented, fabricated in 45-nm Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor-(CMOS) technology, and tested. Afterward, a review of Silicon-based-integrated bandstop filters (BSFs) operating in the mm-wave region is provided, which includes both reflective-type and reflectionless/absorptive filter realizations for RF-interference-suppression in highly-congested electromagnetic (EM) environments. Finally, future research trends in the Silicon-based-integrated filter area are discussed. They are expected to play a key role in the development of modern radio-frequency (RF) front-ends for emerging beyond 5G and EM-sensing scenarios.

关键词： Band-pass filters Metals Passive filters Radio frequency Silicon-on-insulator Passband Silicon Bandpass filter (BPF) bandstop filter (BSF) complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) millimeter-wave (mm-wave) technology on-chip passive radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFIC) silicon-germanium (SiGe) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) transmission zero (TZ)

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Light-Load Optimization Strategy for CLLC Resonant Converters Based on Asymmetric Variable Duty-Cycle Modulation Control

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2025年第1期13卷 747-758页

作者： Wang, Yichen Wang, Feng Zhuo, Fang Yu, Kefan Xi An Jiao Tong Univ Sch Elect Engn Xian 710049 Shaanxi Peoples R China

The CLLC resonant converter is a bidirectional isolated dc/dc converter with excellent soft-switching characteristics. However, the CLLC resonant converter exhibits poor voltage regulation and low operating efficiency under light-load conditions. Therefore, to optimize the light-load voltage regulation performance and enhance the operating efficiency of the CLLC resonant converter under light-load conditions, this article proposes an asymmetric variable duty-cycle modulation (AVDM) control method. AVDM control regulates the output voltage under light-load conditions by varying the duty cycle of the asymmetric square waves in the primary and secondary circuits. Additionally, this article adopts a multifrequency modeling strategy based on a feedforward neural network (FNN) to indirectly analyze the time-domain characteristics of the CLLC resonant converter when using AVDM control. Based on the converter's time-domain characteristics, the optimal operating points that ensure zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) operation in the CLLC resonant converter under various light-load conditions can be determined. Furthermore, a closed-loop control system utilizing AVDM control can be designed based on the optimal operating points. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed AVDM control is verified by a 2-kW rated power CLLC resonant converter experimental prototype.

关键词： Resonant converters Time-domain analysis Voltage control Harmonic analysis Control systems Vehicle-to-grid RLC circuits Capacitance Zero voltage switching Trajectory Asymmetric variable duty-cycle modulation (AVDM) control method CLLC resonant converter feedforward neural network (FNN) light load zero-voltage switching (ZVS)

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Event-Triggered Distributed Consensus Tracking for Nonlinear Multi-Agent systems: A Minimal Approximation Approach

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ieee journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems 2023年第3期13卷 767-779页

作者： Xu, Ning Chen, Zhongyu Niu, Ben Zhao, Xudong Bohai Univ Coll Informat Sci & Technol Jinzhou 121013 Peoples R China China Univ Petr East China Coll Control Sci & Engn Qingdao 266580 Peoples R China Shandong Normal Univ Sch Informat Sci & Engn Jinan 250014 Peoples R China Dalian Univ Technol Fac Elect Informat & Elect Engn Dalian 116024 Liaoning Peoples R China

In this paper, a minimal-approximation-based event-triggered leader-following consensus control scheme is proposed for nonlinear multi-agent systems with unknown actuator dead-zone. To save communication resources, a distributed consensus controller based on the event-sampled states is designed for each follower, which reduces the number of transmissions in the sensor-to-controller and controller-to-actuator channels. Considering that a large number of function approximators are employed in the existing distributed event-triggered schemes of uncertain nonlinear multi-agent systems, thereby consuming massive computational resources. The minimal approximation technology, i.e., designing un-requirement-calculated virtual control laws and employing one function approximator in each local controller, is introduced in our proposed scheme. Meanwhile, the proposed minimal-approximation-based event-triggering mechanism only needs to monitor one triggering condition for each follower, which further reduces the computational burden. Finally, the stability of the closed-loop system is strictly proven by using the Lyapunov extension theorem, and two examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

关键词： Multi-agent systems Actuators Monitoring Backstepping circuits and systems Artificial neural networks Trajectory Multi-agent systems leader-following consensus event-triggered control minimal approximation

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A Novel Zero-Voltage-Transition H6 Inverter With Near Zero-Switching-Loss

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2025年第1期13卷 62-71页

作者： Liu, Yun Xiao, Huafeng Zheng, Xin Cheng, Ming Southeast Univ Coll Elect Engn Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China Southeast Univ Jiangsu Prov Key Lab Smart Grid Technol & Equipmen Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China

A novel zero-voltage-transition H6 (NZVT-H6) inverter with near zero-switching-loss (ZSL) for distributed photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems is proposed. All power devices can achieve soft-switching through the added resonance tank, solving the problem of hard turn-off of the auxiliary switches in the existing zero-voltage-transition (ZVT) inverters. The common mode (CM) voltage of NZVT-H6 is clamped at half of the input voltage due to the diode clamping structure, which can achieve leakage current suppression. First, the circuit structure and the operation principle are introduced. Then, the soft-switching criterions, design considerations of resonance parameters, and power devices parameters are analyzed. Finally, a 100-kHz/1-kW NZVT-H6 experimental prototype was built to verify its correctness.

关键词： Inverters Voltage Resonance Leakage currents Clamps Capacitors Bridge circuits Zero current switching Switching loss Switching frequency Conduction loss resonance tank transformerless inverter (TLI) zero-switching-loss (ZSL)

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Benchmarking DNN Mapping Methods for the in-Memory Computing Accelerators

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ieee journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems 2023年第4期13卷 1040-1051页

作者： Wang, Yimin Fong, Xuanyao Natl Univ Singapore Dept Elect & Comp Engn Singapore 117583 Singapore

This paper presents a study of methods for mapping the convolutional workloads in deep neural networks (DNNs) onto the computing hardware in the in-memory computing (IMC) architecture. Specifically, we focus on categorizing and benchmarking the processing element (PE)-level mapping methods, which have not been investigated in detail for IMC-based architectures. First, we categorize the PE-level mapping methods from the loop unrolling perspective and discuss the corresponding implications on input data reuse and output data reduction. Then, a mapping-oriented architecture is proposed by considering the input and output datapaths under various mapping methods. The architecture is evaluated on the 45 nm technology showing good area-efficiency and scalability, providing a hardware substrate for further performance improvements via PE-level mappings. Furthermore, we present an evaluation framework that captures the architecture behaviors and enables extensive benchmarking of mapping methods under various neural network workloads, main memory bandwidth, and digital computing throughput. The benchmarking results demonstrate significant tradeoffs in the design space and unlock new design possibilities. We present case studies to showcase preferred mapping methods for best energy consumption and/or execution time and demonstrate that a hybrid-mapping scheme enhances minimum execution time by up to 30% for the publicly-available DNN benchmarks.

关键词： Computer architecture Hardware Artificial neural networks Benchmark testing Tensors circuits and systems Arrays In-memory computing neural network mapping design space exploration data reuse

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A Robust Capacitive Power Transfer System via Fractional-Order Autonomous Circuit

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2024年第3期12卷 3258-3267页

作者： Jiang, Yanwei Zhou, Yang Zhang, Bo Chen, Wei Chen, Qingbin Shu, Xujian Fuzhou Univ Coll Elect Engn & Automat Fuzhou 350108 Peoples R China South China Univ Technol Sch Elect Power Guangzhou Peoples R China

Capacitive power transfer (CPT) technique uses coupled metal plates for energy transmission, which has the advantages of negligible eddy-current loss and low weight. To achieve efficient power transfer, the CPT system often adopts circuit resonance and impedance compensation, which are generally realized by integer-order components, such as inductors and capacitors. However, it remains a fundamental challenge to create a CPT system whose transfer efficiency and output power are robust against the variation of resonant frequency and the coupled plates' relative position. Therefore, this article proposes a robust fractional-order autonomous CPT system containing a fractional-order inductor. Theoretical analysis shows that the transfer efficiency and output power of the proposed fractional-order CPT system are inherently robust not only to the variation of the coupled plates' relative position but also to the resonant frequency. In contrast, the transfer efficiency and output power of traditional integer-order CPT systems are sensitive to the resonant frequency. The available experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed system.

关键词： Inductors Transmitters Receivers Couplings Resonant frequency RLC circuits Capacitors Autonomous capacitive power transfer (CPT) fractional order robust transmission

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