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CTT-Based Scalable Neuromorphic Architecture

ieee journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems 2023年第1期13卷 96-107页

作者： Karimi, Mousa Monir, Ataollah Saeed Mohammadrezaee, Rezvan Vaisband, Boris McGill Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Heterogeneous Integrat Knowledge THInK Team Montreal PQ H3A 0E9 Canada

A novel spiking neuromorphic architecture is presented in this paper. The architecture is based on charge-traptransistors (CTTs) which are experimentally-verified compute-in-memory devices. The proposed low-power scalable architecturetargets large neural network applications, such as machinelearning tasks and emulation of brain connectivity *** within the proposed architecture is encoded using a numberof spikes approach. The CTT-based synapses receive Gaussianspikes, the most energy-efficient waveform for communication,as inputs from other neurons, the spikes are multiplied bysynaptic weights and accumulated. The neuron, designed usinga leaky integrate and fire model, generates a similar spike atthe output. The proposed architecture is compared to literatureand exhibits superior parameters. The neuron (including thesynaptic array) occupies an area of 178.25 mu m(2), supporting 5.6kneurons and 560k synapses per mm(2), as well as exhibits lowenergy per synaptic operation of 8 pJ. To validate the proposedarchitecture, a single neuron was designed and evaluated as abinary classifier for two numbers from the MNIST data *** accuracy, recall, and precision of the hardware neuron forthe binary classification task are, respectively, 99.2%, 99.5%,and 98.6% (similar to results from other reported works).

关键词： Neurons Computer architecture Threshold voltage Neuromorphics Programming Task analysis Logic gates Neuromorphic circuits and systems compute-in-memory architecture charge-trap transistors (CTTs) brain emulation brain connectivity network mixed-signal circuits spiking neural network machine learning (ML) classification MNIST

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Broadband Millimeter-Wave GaAs Dual-Function Switching Attenuators With Low Insertion Loss and Large Attenuation Range

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ieee journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems 2024年第1期14卷 100-110页

作者： Wang, Yutong Li, Bo Lin, Feng Sun, Houjun Wu, Hongjiang Xu, Chunliang Fang, Yuan Li, Zhiqiang Beijing Inst Technol Sch Integrated Circuits & Elect Beijing 100081 Peoples R China CETC Acad Ind Fdn Microwave Applicat Res Inst Shijiazhuang 050000 Peoples R China Beijing Key Lab Millimeter Wave & Tera Hertz Techn Beijing 100081 Peoples R China CETC Acad Ind Fdn Shijiazhuang 050000 Peoples R China Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Elect Sci & Engn Chengdu 611731 Peoples R China

This paper presents millimeter-wave (mmW) wide-band dual-function switching attenuator chips based on gallium arsenide (GaAs) pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (pHEMT). The broadband attenuator chips integrate the function of absorption single-pole-single-throw (SPST) switch by using balanced architecture. By analyzing the effects of transistor size and parasitic couplings from bias lines on mmW attenuator chips, the attenuation range is further improved. Based on the 90-nm GaAs pHEMT process, a 26 similar to 80 GHz attenuator chip I and a 40 similar to 110 GHz attenuator chip II were designed and measured, with chip sizes of 1.65(*)0.85 mm(2) and 1.30(*)0.80 mm(2), respectively. In the operating frequency band, the measured insertion losses (IL) of chips I and II are less than 2.8 dB and 2.2 dB, respectively, with the return losses (RL) of better than 12.4 dB and 11.6 dB. At the center frequency, the measured attenuation ranges of Chip I and II are 1.4 similar to 34.4 dB and 1.1 similar to 30.9 dB, respectively, and the 1dB compressed input power (IP1dB) of both chips are greater than 21 dBm. To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first wide-band mmW GaAs pHEMT attenuator chip integrated with absorption SPST switching function.

关键词： Gallium arsenide (GaAs) balanced attenuator single-pole-single-throw (SPST) switch millimeter-wave

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RobustDA: Lightweight Robust Domain Adaptation for Evolving Data at Edge

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ieee journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems 2024年第4期14卷 688-704页

作者： Guo, Xinyu Zuo, Xiaojiang Han, Rui Ouyang, Junyan Xie, Jing Liu, Chi Harold Zhang, Qinglong Guo, Ying Chen, Jing Chen, Lydia Y. Beijing Inst Technol Beijing 100081 Peoples R China Qilu Univ Technol Shandong Acad Sci Key Lab Comp Power Network & Informat Secur Minist Educ Jinan 250316 Peoples R China Delft Univ Technol TU Delft Dept Comp Sci NL-2628 CD Delft Netherlands

AI applications powered by deep learning models are increasingly run natively at edge. A deployed model not only encounters continuously evolving input distributions (domains) but also faces adversarial attacks from third-party. This necessitates adapting the model to shifting domains to maintain high natural accuracy, while avoiding degrading the model's robust accuracy. However, existing domain adaptation and adversarial attack preventation techniques often have conflicting optimization objectives and they rely on time-consuming training process. This paper presents RobustDA, an on-device lightweight approach that co-optimizes natural and robust accuracies in model retraining. It uses a set of low-rank adapters to retain all learned domains' knowledge with small overheads. In each model retraining, RobustDA constructs an adapter to separate domain-related and robust-related model parameters to avoid their conflicts in updating. Based on the retained knowledge, it quickly generates adversarial examples with high-quality pseudo-labels and uses them to accelerate the retraining process. We demonstrate that, comparing against 14 state-of-the-art DA techniques under 7 prevalent adversarial attacks on edge devices, the proposed co-optimization approach improves natural and robust accuracies by 6.34% and 11.41% simultaneously. Under the same accuracy, RobustDA also speeds up the retraining process by 4.09x.

关键词： Adaptation models Accuracy Training Robustness Feature extraction Optimization Computational modeling Perturbation methods Data models circuits and systems deep learning edge computing domain adaptation adversarial attacks

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Power Electronic Converters in Inductive Wireless Charging Applications for Electric Transportation

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2025年第2期13卷 2647-2683页

作者： Bharatiraja, C. Mahesh, Aganti Lehman, Bradley SRM Inst Sci & Technol Coll Engn Ctr Elect Mobil CEM Dept Elect & Elect Engn Chennai 603203 India Northeastern Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Boston MA 02115 USA

Wireless charging system (WCS) for electric vehicles (EVs) has the potential to revolutionize traditional plug-in charging methods. This technology employs different methods. Among these, resonant inductive power transfer (R-IPT) stands out in EV applications for its high efficiency and lower operating frequencies compared to others. The role of power electronic converters (PECs) in achieving high frequency and resonance operation is vital, with switches and compensators playing crucial roles in resonant converter design. This article emphasizes the significance of PECs, explores the factors influencing converters selection and their classifications, and provides an overview of various PECs at different stages of wireless power transfer (WPT) systems, along with their characteristics. Additionally, it delves into wide bandgap (WBG) devices and different semiconductor switches, discussing their roles in R-IPT systems, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. This article also outlines the characteristics, features, and limitations of various overview compensation topologies, serving as a valuable resource for researchers seeking to develop new topologies for wireless charging applications. A comprehensive discussion on future challenges, development trends, and prospects is provided.

关键词： Coils Batteries Inductive charging Wireless communication Inverters Topology Rectifiers Receivers Transmitters Bridge circuits Electric vehicles (EVs) high-frequency inverter (HFI) inductive power transfer (IPT) resonant topologies wireless power transfer (WPT)

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Physically Guided Generative Adversarial Network for Holographic 3D Content Generation From Multi-View Light Field

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ieee journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems 2024年第2期14卷 286-298页

作者： Zeng, Yunhui Long, Zhenwei Qiu, Yawen Wang, Shiyi Wei, Junjie Jin, Xin Cao, Hongkun Li, Zhiheng Tsinghua Univ Shenzhen Int Grad Sch Shenzhen 518055 Peoples R China Peng Cheng Lab Shenzhen 518055 Peoples R China

Realizing high-fidelity three-dimensional (3D) scene representation through holography presents a formidable challenge, primarily due to the unknown mechanism of the optimal hologram and huge computational load as well as memory usage. Herein, we propose a Physically Guided Generative Adversarial Network (PGGAN), which is the first generative model to transform the multi-view light field directly to holographic 3D content. PGGAN harmoniously fuses the fidelity of data-driven learning with the rigor of physical optics principles, ensuring a stable reconstruction quality across wide field of view, which is unreachable by current central-view-centric approaches. The proposed framework presents an innovative encoder-generator-discriminator, which is informed by a physical optics model. It benefits from the speed and adaptability of data-driven methods to facilitate rapid learning and effectively transfer to novel scenes, while its physics-based guidance ensures that the generated holograms adhere to holographic standards. A unique, differentiable physical model facilitates end-to-end training, which aligns the generative process with the "holographic space", thereby improving the quality of the reconstructed light fields. Employing an adaptive loss strategy, PGGAN dynamically adjusts the influence of physical guidance in the initial training stages, later optimizing for reconstruction accuracy. Empirical evaluations reveal PGGAN's exceptional ability to swiftly generate a detailed hologram in as little as 0.002 seconds, significantly eclipsing current state-of-the-art techniques in speed while maintaining superior angular reconstruction fidelity. These results demonstrate PGGAN's effectiveness in producing high-quality holograms rapidly from multi-view datasets, advancing real-time holographic rendering significantly.

关键词： Light fields Image reconstruction Three-dimensional displays Holography Generators circuits and systems Physical optics Generative model 3D content generation light field holography physically guided network

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A Novel Wireless Charging Technique for Low-Power Devices Based on Wiegand Transducer

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2023年第1期11卷 372-383页

作者： Iob, Federico Saggini, Stefano Ursino, Mario Takemura, Yasushi Univ Udine Polytech Dept Engn & Architecture DPIA I-33100 Udine Italy Infineon Technol A-9500 Villach Austria Yokohama Natl Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Yokohama 2408501 Japan

During last decade biomedical devices have become more and more performing, covering an increasing number of usages. In particular, subcutaneous devices represent one of the most invasive yet innovative application;their battery management is one of the most challenging topics because, once implanted, they can be handled only through surgery, so wireless charge is the only way to feed subcutaneous systems with appreciable energy in a controlled manner. But differently from conventional consumer devices, in this scenario the energy delivered necessarily runs into human body and tissues, so the main challenge consists in maximizing the "energy delivered versus energy dissipated in tissues" ratio, in order to guarantee human safety first while also conveying an appreciable amount of energy to the implanted device. After analyzing the state-of-the-art of the principal techniques, this article proposes a novel architecture for low-power wireless charging, based on a Wiegand sensor used as a transducer in order to fulfill all the requirements from both electrical and medical points of view;such architecture is implemented inside an IC prototype in 0.35- $\mu \text{m}$ lithography that acts as an ultralow-power DC-DC buck converter and battery manager.

关键词： Coils Wireless communication Skin Wireless sensor networks RLC circuits Magnetic shielding Magnetic noise Analog integrated circuits biomedical engineering biomedical transducers wireless power transmission wireless sensor networks

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OpenPiton4HPC: Optimizing OpenPiton Toward High-Performance Manycores

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ieee journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems 2024年第3期14卷 395-408页

作者： Leyva, Neiel Monemi, Alireza Oliete-Escuin, Noelia Lopez-Paradis, Guillem Abancens, Xabier Balkind, Jonathan Vallejo, Enrique Moreto, Miquel Alvarez, Lluc Barcelona Supercomp Ctr Barcelona 08034 Spain Univ Politecn Catalunya UPC Barcelona 08034 Spain Univ Calif Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Dept Econ Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA Univ Cantabria Santander 39005 Spain CNRS Lab Informat Robot & Microelect Montpellier LIRMM F-34095 Montpellier France

In recent years, numerous multicore RISC-V platforms have emerged. Development frameworks such as OpenPiton are employed in designs that aim to scale to a large number of cores. While OpenPiton presents a large flexibility, supporting different requirements and processing cores, some of its design decisions result in designs that are not optimized for High-Performance Computing (HPC) requirements. This work presents OpenPiton4HPC, an extension and optimization of OpenPiton for high-performance manycores. The key contributions are enabling multiple memory controllers, supporting router bypassing and NoC concentration, adding support for configurable cache sizes and cache block sizes, and allowing configurable bus widths in the NoC and in the cache SRAMs. On a 64-core manycore architecture, these new features and optimizations provide a geometric mean speedup of 7.2x compared to the OpenPiton baseline.

关键词： Multicore processing Optimization Memory management circuits and systems Random access memory Program processors Bandwidth Many-core network-on-chip optimization OpenPiton RISC-V

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Optimal Dual-Side Asymmetric Modulation Strategy for Dual Active Bridge Converter to Improve Efficiency Over a Wide Voltage Range

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2024年第2期12卷 1596-1607页

作者： Yang, Ping Wang, Mixin Liu, Ling Liu, Shusong Chen, Xi Peng, Yusheng Xu, Jianping Southwest Jiaotong Univ Sch Elect Engn Chengdu 610032 Peoples R China

In order to reduce the inductor current rms value of the dual active bridge (DAB) converter and extend the soft switching range over a wide voltage range, this article proposes an optimal dual-side asymmetric modulation (ODSAM) strategy which significantly improves the efficiency, especially at light load. First, the principle of asymmetric duty modulation (ADM) is introduced, the operating modes of dual-sided asymmetric modulation (DSAM) are established, and two suitable operating modes are selected to improve efficiency according to the principle of minimum reactive power. Second, the equivalent circuit model and steady-state mathematical model are further analyzed. Third, combined with the soft-switching constraints, the peak-to-peak value of the inductor current is selected as the optimization objective, global optimal solution using the Lagrange multiplier method (LMM) is obtained. Then, the control strategy of the ODSAM based on the global optimal solution is proposed. Finally, an experimental platform of a DAB converter with a rated power of 360 W is built, and the effectiveness of the proposed ODSAM strategy is verified.

关键词： Zero voltage switching Inductors Bridge circuits Phase modulation Optimization Reactive power Switches Asymmetric duty modulation dual active bridge (DAB) efficiency improvement lagrange multiplier method (LMM) soft-switching range

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Coordinated Control of DC Output Voltage and AC Input Current for SWISS Rectifier Under Unbalanced Grid

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2025年第1期13卷 1095-1106页

作者： Jiang, Weidong Liu, Shengyu Zhang, Qingyan Wang, Jinping Ma, Mingna Hefei Univ Technol Sch Elect Engn & Automat Hefei 230009 Peoples R China Qilu Inst Technol Sch Intelligent Mfg & Control Engn Jinan 250200 Peoples R China

The SWISS rectifier is widely adopted in charging stations and distributed dc power supplies owing to its superior performance. The core control objectives are maintaining a stable output voltage on the dc side and achieving a sinusoidal and symmetrical three-phase current with a unit power factor on the ac side. However, the existing traditional dual-loop control (TDLC) method suitable for SWISS rectifiers faces challenges in achieving these objectives concurrently under unbalanced grid conditions. To address this issue, this article introduces the constant output voltage control (COVC) method and the sinusoidal and symmetrical current control (SSCC) method. Contrary to the former method, the latter method achieves sinusoidal and symmetrical current on the ac side but fails to ensure a constant and nonfluctuating output voltage on the dc side. Building upon this foundation, an improved coordination and optimization control (ICOC) method combining the advantages of these two control methods is further proposed. The ICOC method coordinates these objectives on output voltage and input current. The experimental results demonstrate that the ICOC method has significant advantages over TDLC, COVC, and SSCC, which is consistent with the theoretical analysis in this article.

关键词： Rectifiers Switches Power harmonic filters Harmonic analysis Voltage control Control systems Power grids Optimization Topology Switching circuits Constant output voltage control (COVC) improved coordination and optimization control (ICOC) sinusoidal and symmetrical current control (SSCC) SWISS rectifier traditional dual-loop control (TDLC) unbalanced grid voltage

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Setting-Less Pilot Protection for MTDC systems With Weak or No Line Boundary Based on Model Differences Between Forward and Backward Faults

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2025年第1期13卷 785-797页

作者： Zhang, Chenhao Chen, Bowen Yan, Jifei Song, Guobing Xi An Jiao Tong Univ Dept Elect Engn Xian 710049 Shaanxi Peoples R China

Some sceneries of multiterminal HVDC transmission (MTDC) system cannot provide enough boundary conditions for single-ended protections. Pilot protections can fast and sensitively identify faults in these sceneries, but existing methods have problems related to protection setting, such as demand of detailed parameters, dependence on simulations, and complex algorithms. In this article, a novel setting-less pilot protection is proposed. First, the characteristics of fault transient voltage and current for forward and backward faults are analyzed. It is revealed that the fault u-i characteristic is consistent with negative resistance-inductance parallel model when the forward fault occurs, and the fault voltage and current exhibit a relationship of positive resistance model when the backward fault occurs. The above conclusion holds for different fault types, resistances, and topologies. The concept of model error is introduced in order to ascertain which of the two models best represents the relationship between the fault voltage and current. Then, a novel directional pilot protection is proposed. The proposed method determines the direction of fault by comparison of two fault models, it is simple and does not need threshold setting and high sampling frequency. Simulations and experiments have demonstrated that the proposed pilot protection has fast operation speed and high transition resistance tolerance up to 1500 Omega.

关键词： Circuit faults Protection Inductors Transient analysis Fault diagnosis Voltage measurement Equivalent circuits Modal recognition multiterminal HVDC transmission (MTDC) system pilot protection setting-less protection weak/no line boundary

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