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A Distributed Turn-Off Delay Compensator Scheme for Voltage Balancing of Series-Connected IGBTs

ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2024年第3期12卷 2545-2557页

作者： Zarghani, Mostafa Iannuzzo, Francesco Blaabjerg, Frede Kaboli, Shahriyar Sharif Univ Technol Dept Elect Engn Tehran 11155 Iran Aalborg Univ AAU Energy DK-9220 Aalborg Denmark

This article presents a voltage balancing scheme for series-connected insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) (SCIs) using a turn-off delay compensator. In SCIs, inherent synchronization challenges and parasitic capacitances lead to uneven voltage distribution and potential overvoltage conditions. Traditional time delay adjustment methods adjusting both turn-on and turn-off delays involve complex circuitry, difficult for numerous SCIs. This article examines factors affecting voltage imbalances during turn-on and turn-off transitions, revealing that turn-off imbalances are more critical. Therefore, a straightforward approach is introduced for turn-off delay compensation, eliminating the need for high bandwidth and isolated feedbacks. In addition, in the proposed scheme, by locally adjusting the turn-off delay time for each switch, it obviates the necessity for separate command signals. Consequently, this pragmatic scheme is especially well-suited for applications where the complexity becomes a hindrance to expanding the number of series-connected switches. Simulation and experiments involving four IGBTs within a 2.4-kV system demonstrate a voltage balancing accuracy of less than 20 V.

关键词： Insulated gate bipolar transistors Delays Voltage Logic gates Switches Switching circuits Gate drivers Series insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) turn-off delay time adjustment voltage balancing

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Bridge Memristor Super-Resolution Crossbars

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ieee journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems 2022年第4期12卷 944-951页

作者： Radhakrishnan, Aswani Pallathuvalappil, Sruthi Choubey, Bhaskar James, Alex Digital Univ Kerala AI Chip Ctr Thiruvananthapuram 695317 India Univ Seigen Chair Analogue Circuits & Image Sensors D-57076 Siegen Germany

A higher number of unique conductance levels in the memristor crossbar node ensures higher accuracy for analogue dot-product computations. Series and parallel combinations of memristors are used as a common approach to creating multilevel conductance superresolution nodes. The super-resolution nodes are tolerant to a wide range of memristor non-idealities. In this paper, we present a bridge-type design of a super-resolution node. Compared to previous work, the proposed design could achieve a resolution improvement of 5 to 9 times higher when individual memristor conductance levels change from 5 to 12 states. Although the bridge nodes preserve tolerance to memristor variability similar to that of a parallel superresolution node, they do so at lower area and power requirements. Bridge-based crossbar nodes were successfully tested in artificial and convolutional neural networks, showing near-idealistic inference accuracy.

关键词： Memristor crossbar super-resolution bridge configuration variability in-memory computing

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Scalable In-Memory Clustered Annealer With Temporal Noise of Charge Trap Transistor for Large Scale Travelling Salesman Problems

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ieee journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems 2023年第1期13卷 422-435页

作者： Lu, Anni Hur, Jae Luo, Yuan-Chun Li, Hai Nikonov, Dmitri E. Young, Ian A. Choi, Yang-Kyu Yu, Shimeng Georgia Inst Technol Atlanta GA 30332 USA Intel Corp Hillsboro OR 97124 USA Intel Corp Components Res Exploratory Integrated Circuits Hillsboro OR 97124 USA Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol Daejeon 34141 South Korea

Combinatorial optimization problems (COP) are ubiquitous and practical in our daily life, but many of them are NP-hard and intractable to solve using conventional computing. Ising model-based annealer has gained increasing attention due to its efficiency in finding fast and approximate solutions. However, such solvers are suffering from scalability problem due to quadratically increasing spins, and there are few hardware designs proposed to support large-scale COPs. In this paper, we propose scalable in-memory annealers to solve the large-scale travelling salesman problem (TSP) with crossbar arrays of FinFET based charge trap transistors. The intrinsic temporal noise of the drain current caused by trapping/detrapping is used to realize the annealing process. We apply two kinds of hardware implementations to map Ising model: 1) Hopfield neural network (HNN) based design, converting from a graph network to a regular neural network to utilize crossbar memory arrays;2) index-based design, using index to record the order to avoid the quadratic scaling up of spins to represent all permutations. For both implementations, hierarchical clustering algorithms are adopted to enable the solving of large-scale TSP and overcome the scalability challenge. We further speed up the system convergence by updating non-adjacent clusters in parallel with equal size k-means clustering. At last, three hardware designs (HNN with conventional and equal-size clustering, index method with conventional clustering) are tested with up to 1060-city problems and benchmarked by the system-level simulation to show their trade-offs. They all show benefits on fast convergence and ultra-low energy compared with state-of-the-art annealers, and present advantages on accuracy, chip area, or latency/energy consumption, respectively.

关键词： Urban areas Annealing Convergence Hardware Computational modeling Optimization Scalability Combinatorial optimization problem simulated annealing in-memory computing Ising model Hopfield neural network quadratic assignment problem

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Decoupling Control of Six-Pole Radial Hybrid Magnetic Bearing Based on Least Square Support Vector Machine Inverse System

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2024年第1期12卷 607-617页

作者： Zhang, Jian Zhu, Huangqiu Jiangsu Univ Sch Elect & Informat Engn Zhenjiang 212013 Peoples R China

In order to solve the problems of the influence of nonlinearity and strong coupling on the control performance of six-pole radial hybrid magnetic bearing (HMB) system, a decoupling control strategy based on least square support vector machine (LSSVM) inverse system is proposed. The structure and operation principle of six-pole radial HMB are introduced, the mathematical model of its suspension force is deduced, and the reversibility of mathematical model is proved. The regression principle of LSSVM is used to approximate the inverse system of the six-pole radial HMB, and the inverse system is connected in series with the original system to form a pseudolinear system, which realizes the linearization and decoupling of six-pole radial HMB system. For the problems of difficulty in tuning the regularization parameter and kernel width of LSSVM, the improved quantum particle swarm optimization (IQPSO) algorithm is proposed to optimize the above parameters. The decoupling simulation system of six-pole radial HMB system is constructed, and the rotor floating, anti-interference, and decoupling performance experiments are conducted to verify the feasibility and reliability of the proposed decoupling control method.

关键词： Rotors Magnetic flux Force Mathematical models Magnetic levitation Magnetic circuits Stators Decoupling control improved quantum particle swarm optimization (IQPSO) inverse system least square support vector machine (LSSVM) six-pole radial hybrid magnetic bearing (HMB)

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A 99.74% Efficient Capacitor-Charging Converter Using Partial Power Processing for Electrocalorics

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2023年第4期11卷 4491-4507页

作者： Moench, Stefan Reiner, Richard Mansour, Kareem Waltereit, Patrick Basler, Michael Quay, Rudiger Molin, Christian Gebhardt, Sylvia Bach, David Binninger, Roland Bartholome, Kilian Fraunhofer Inst Appl Solid State Phys IAF Fraunhof D-79108 Freiburg Germany Albert Ludwigs Univ Freiburg Dept Sustainable Syst Engn INATECH D-79110 Freiburg Germany Fraunhofer Inst Appl Solid State Phys IAF D-79108 Freiburg Germany Fraunhofer Inst Ceram Technol & Syst IKTS D-01277 Dresden Germany Fraunhofer Inst Phys Measurement Tech IPM D-79110 Freiburg Germany

This work combines a 99.2% efficient gallium nitride (GaN)-based low-voltage fast-switching half-bridge converter with an Si-based high-voltage slow-switching and almost lossless switched capacitor multiplexer using a partial power processing approach to a six-level prototype with 99.74% efficiency. A loss breakdown shows how the ideal partial power processing efficiency is theoretically increased to 99.84% by using four additional voltage levels but then reduced to the measured efficiency by the additional static and dynamic losses of the multiplexer. For electrocaloric heat pumps, an emerging technology for cooling and heating applications with zero global warming potential, such high charging efficiencies enable a high heat-pump system coefficient of performance (COP). Based on available data of electrocaloric lead magnesium niobate (PMN)-based samples and a first-principle and best-case analysis for Carnot-like cycles, it is predicted that the 99.74% electrical charging efficiency in combination with the electrocaloric material data enables to surpass 50% of the thermal Carnot limit (for cooling with a heat pump). Ultrahigh efficiency of power converters, thus, paves the way toward future electrocaloric heat pumps of competitive system performance.

关键词： Capacitance chargers converter systems cooling dc-dc converter dc-dc multilevel converter electrocalorics energy efficiency gallium compounds heat pumps multilevel systems switched capacitor circuits system performance wide bandgap devices zero voltage switching

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Steady-State Performance Optimization of Dual-Bridge Series Resonant DC/DC Converters

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2023年第2期11卷 1767-1777页

作者： Song, Wensheng Yin, Shuai Deng, Yaru Zhong, Ming Southwest Jiaotong Univ Sch Elect Engn Chengdu 611756 Peoples R China

By establishing the mathematical model of the resonant-tank root-mean-square (rms) current of the dual-bridge series resonant dc/dc converter (DBSRC), this article comparatively analyzes the performance of the DBSRC under asymmetric-phase shift (APS) control. This article analyzes the influence of the dead-time gap on APS control. Then, a steady-state performance optimization strategy is proposed in this article for DBSRC under APS control considering the dead-time gap, and the proposed control scheme is analyzed and implemented. The steady-state performance optimization strategy can minimize the resonant tank rms current, extend the zero voltage switching (ZVS) range, eliminate the influence of the dead-time gap and enhance the transmission efficiency of the DBSRC. Besides, the resonant tank parameters sensitivity of the proposed optimization strategy is discussed, and a simple parameters estimation strategy is proposed. At last, the excellent performance and theoretical analysis of the steady-state optimization strategy have been verified in this article.

关键词： Optimization Topology Steady-state Control systems Bridge circuits Zero voltage switching Voltage control Asymmetric-phase shift (APS) control dual bridge series resonant dc dc converter (DBSRC) parameters sensitivity transmission efficiency

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Analysis and Control of a Single-Inductor-QAB-Based Modular PV Inverter Considering Effects of Parasitic circuits

IEEE JOURNAL OF EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS IN INDUSTRIAL E...

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 2024年第3期5卷 939-949页

作者： Ge, Xiaolu Pan, Shangzhi Dang, Xinghua Gong, Jinwu Zha, Xiaoming Yao, Liangzhong Wuhan Univ Sch Elect Engn & Automat Hubei Key Lab Power Equipment & Syst Secur Integra Wuhan 430072 Peoples R China

In this article, a quad-active-bridge (QAB) converter with one single inductor is presented for the modular photovoltaic inverter, which is able to achieve ac/dc power decoupling in magnetic paths without increasing the size of the power transformer, thus reducing the bus capacitance. The single inductor QAB structure simplifies the circuit design of the QAB. In addition, a detailed analysis was conducted on the influencing factors of the double-line frequency voltage ripple for the presented topology, revealing that the parasitic circuits have a very significant impact on its performance, which makes it impractical for real-world applications. Therefore, a control strategy based on the power balancing and phase-shifting principles is proposed to suppress the voltage ripple caused by the inevitable parasitic circuit resistance and leakage inductance. The effectiveness of the analysis and the control strategy is validated by simulation and experimental results.

关键词： Capacitors Inverters Topology Voltage control Bridge circuits Windings Transformers Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) double-line frequency voltage ripple parameter-independent control power decoupling quadruple active bridge (QAB)

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Generalized Structure for Three-Phase Switched-Capacitor Boost Inverter With Adapted Space Vector Modulations

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2024年第2期12卷 1694-1708页

作者： Benachour, Ali Deboucha, Abdelhakim Berkouk, El-Madjid Ecole Natl Super Technol Avancees ENSTA Algiers 16000 Algeria Ecole Natl Polytech ENP El Harrach 16200 Algeria

This article proposes a new generalized switched-capacitor (SC) boost inverter structure to supply three-phase loads from low-magnitude dc input voltage. This proposed structure controlled with a modified space vector modulation (SVM) allows the inverter to work with an extended range of voltage without need of classic dc/dc boost converter. Moreover, the new structure is capable of generating multilevel output voltages, leading to the elimination of large inductors, thereby reducing the converter's weight, volume, and power losses. The present structure is formed using a cascade of SC circuits. Three new adapted SVM based on the concept of virtual space vector were proposed. The performance of the proposed structure and its adapted modulations is evaluated using MATLAB/Simulink simulations based on RL load and has been verified through experimental implementation. In addition, power losses, efficiency, and thermal performances are studied using PLECS software and compared against the conventional boost inverter. The proposed structure broadens the inverter's voltage range while preserving a near-sinusoidal waveform. Among the proposed SVM techniques, SVM1 displays promising results and is the simplest to implement. SVM2 and SVM3 yield multilevel output waveforms with lower total harmonic distortion (THD) and higher efficiency. Overall, this structure holds potential for photovoltaic (PV) system applications.

关键词： Inverters Capacitors Topology Voltage Switches Support vector machines Voltage control Boosting multilevel inverters space vector pulse width switched capacitor circuits three-phase electric power

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High-Frequency-Link-Based Reactive-Power Optimal Control for Modular Multi-Active Bridge Converter

IEEE JOURNAL OF EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS IN INDUSTRIAL E...

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 2024年第3期5卷 1333-1337页

作者： Wang, Haoyu Ji, Shiqi Mou, Di Xie, Wenhao Zeng, Yangbin Zhao, Zhengming Tsinghua Univ Dept Elect Engn Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

Modular multi-active bridge (MMAB) converter with inherent advantages of galvanic isolation, modularity and power density, can provide multiple dc ports for multifarious power conversion through high-frequency links (HFLs). However, the traditional single phase-shift control, which is widely applied in the converter due to the complex coupling among ports, leads to unfavorable efficiency performance. To independently handle each port with optimal capabilities, a dual-loop optimal control is proposed for MMAB converters to achieve the decoupling of active and reactive powers. Conditioning circuits are designed to extract power-related information that can be used to eliminate the fundamental reactive power, thus optimizing conducting and switching characteristics. The proposed control method regards each port as a subsystem regardless of the coupling through the HFL, which can be easily extended to multiport systems, which have HFL. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed reactive-power optimal control strategy is validated on a hardware-in-the-loop-based four-port MMAB converter.

关键词： Harmonic analysis Reactive power Mathematical models Power harmonic filters Optimal control Bridge circuits Voltage control High-frequency link (HFL) modular multi-active bridge (MMAB) converter optimal control power decoupling

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Low-Voltage Inbound Powerline Communication Based on Talkative Power Conversion

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2024年第4期12卷 3348-3359页

作者： Wang, Fei Yuan, Dingkun Zhang, Xiaokang Shanghai Univ Sch Mechatron Engn & Automat Shanghai 200444 Peoples R China

In the informational low-voltage (LV) power grid, inbound communication possesses significant importance. Utilizing LV inbound powerline communication (PLC) based on talkative power conversion (TPC) can effectively facilitate the establishment of LV smart grids. This article conducts a comprehensive study and design of TPC-based LV inbound PLC and introduces a digital transmission method which is suitable to the application with ultralow signal noise rates (SNRs). By analyzing the mechanism of nonlinear load circuits, the powerline channel characteristics at low frequencies are elaborated. Leveraging these insights, we propose a digital bandpass transmission method to counteract substantial interferences within the LV channel. This method incorporates binary phase shifting keying (BPSK) modulation, along with an innovative signal accumulation process. Considering applications in compact grid equipment, we select a boost power factor correction (PFC) circuit as the hardware transponder. This transponder employs the TPC technique to encode the carrier within current ripples. In scenarios where the SNR in the channel falls below -19.5 dB, the LV inbound PLC method achieves a bit error rate (BER) of 10% at 2.4 kHz, with a transmission rate of 50 bits/s. Finally, experiments are carried out on the TPC transponder hardware, which shows the potential applicability in real-world LV power grid settings.

关键词： Transponders Modulation Power grids Equivalent circuits Signal to noise ratio Receivers Power electronics Inbound communication low voltage (LV) power grid powerline communication (PLC) talkative power conversion (TPC)

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