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Introduction to the Special Issue on the 2nd ieee International Conference on Artificial Intelligence circuits and systems (AICAS 2020)

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ieee journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems 2020年第4期10卷 403-405页

作者： Serrano-Gotarredona, Teresa Valle, Maurizio Conti, Francesco Li, Hai CSIC Inst Microelect Sevilla Seville 41092 Spain Univ Seville Dept Comp Technol & Architectures Seville 41004 Spain Univ Genoa Dept Elect Elect & Telecommun Engn & Naval Archit I-16100 Genoa Italy Univ Bologna Dept Elect Elect & Informat Engn Guglielmo Marcon I-40126 Bologna Italy Duke Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Durham NC 27701 USA

This issue of the ieee journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems (JETCAS) includes the highlighted papers from the 2nd ieee International Conference on Artificial Intelligence circuits and systems (AICAS 2020), which was originally planned to be held at the Centro Congressi Porto Antico in Genoa, Italy, on March 23–25, 2020. However, due to the difficult pandemic situation that the world was living during those days, the conference was postponed to August 31–September 4, 2020, and was finally held as a fully virtual event. Despite those difficulties, the conference was a great success in terms of participation which demonstrated the consolidation of the ieee circuits and systems Society (CASS) community interested in the research and advances of new circuits and systems paradigms and hardware platforms that can boost a new generation of more efficient Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems and may enlarge the AI application scenarios and performances. The AI revolution is promising to incorporate the AI computing power to all industrial and social sectors. To make this trend possible, new computing platforms suited to efficiently support AI emerging algorithms, systems, and applications in different scenarios (from cloud servers to edge and autonomous devices) should be developed at a parallel pace. The ieee AICAS conference has appeared and it is being consolidated as an international forum to communicate state-of-the-art research, innovation, and development results and advances in AI circuits and systems. It is an ideal forum to join efforts and exchange experiences between different international communities from academia and industry boosting the progress of AI circuits and systems.

关键词： Special issues and sections Meetings Artificial intelligence Neuromorphics Hardware

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A Link-Independent Hybrid Inductive and Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer System for Autonomous Mobility

IEEE JOURNAL OF EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS IN INDUSTRIAL E...

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 2022年第2期3卷 211-218页

作者： Vincent, Deepa Huynh, Phuoc Sang Williamson, Sheldon S. Univ Ontario Inst Technol Dept Elect Engn Oshawa ON L1G 0C5 Canada

A link-independent hybrid wireless power transfer system (HPT) that uses both capacitive and inductive action for autonomous vehicle charging application is presented in this article. A three-leg inverter topology is utilized here. Two legs of the inverter, switched at 85 kHz, are used for inductive wireless power transfer (IPT) and the third leg, switched at 1 MHz, is used for capacitive wireless power transfer (CPT). The three-leg inverter module is realized using SiC and GaN switches. The dual switching frequency operation of the converter enables independent compensation techniques to be adopted for IPT and CPT, bringing the modularity feature in the HPT. The circular inductive-link outer diameter is 460 mm and the parallel plate capacitive-link dimension is 600 mm x 600 mm. The power transfer distance or air gap is 100 mm between both links. The output power ratio of IPT to CPT is 2:1. The effectiveness of the proposed topology is validated experimentally. The advantages of this HPT system are modular-link architecture, improved misalignment performance, and distinct frequency of operation for each link that allows the inductive link to meet the SAEJ2954 standard frequency limits compared with the existing HPT systems proposed for electric vehicle charging to support autonomous mobility.

关键词： Battery chargers coupling circuits electric vehicles (EVs) electromagnetic interference inductive and capacitive charging reactive power resonant wireless power transmission

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Operation and Control of an HVDC Circuit Breaker With Current Flow Control Capability

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2021年第4期9卷 4447-4458页

作者： Liu, Wei Li, Chuanyue Ugalde-Loo, Carlos E. Wang, Sheng Li, Gen Liang, Jun Cardiff Univ Sch Engn Cardiff CF24 3AA Wales

Deployment of dc circuit breakers (DCCBs) will help to isolate dc faults in dc systems. Conversely, current flow controllers (CFCs) will be employed in dc grids to balance currents among transmission lines. However, the inclusion of these devices may incur significant capital investment. A way to reduce costs is by integrating current control capabilities into DCCBs. This article presents a new device, the CB/CFC, which combines a multiline DCCB with a half-bridge based CFC. The operating principles of the device are analyzed and its operating modes are classified. A level-shift modulation method ensuring that a single bridge of the CB/CFC is modulated for each operating mode is considered. This simplifies the control scheme for CFC operation. For completeness, the CB/CFC is compared with other alternatives available in the literature. It is shown that the presented device reduces the number of semiconductor components compared to other solutions. DC fault isolation and current flow control are verified through simulations conducted in Power systems Computer Aided Design (PSCAD).

关键词： Circuit breakers Power transmission lines Switches Capacitors Bridge circuits Topology Equivalent circuits Current flow controller (CFC) dc circuit breaker (DCCB) dual-loop control high-voltage direct-current (HVdc) system level-shift modulation

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Hyperspectral Microwave Sensors-Advantages and Limitations

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ieee journal OF selected topics IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING 2022年 15卷 764-775页

作者： Kummerow, Christian D. Poczatek, Joseph C. Almond, Scott Berg, Wesley Jarrett, Olivia Jones, Andrew Kantner, Michael Kuo, Chia-Pang Colorado State Univ Ft Collins CO 80523 USA Northrop Grumman Corp Falls Church VA 22042 USA

Temperature and humidity soundings form the bedrock of modern data assimilation due to their ability to directly constrain the atmospheric state variables. Because of their ability to penetrate clouds and work in all weather conditions, microwave sounders have very large impacts on constraining numerical weather prediction models. Recent advancements in integrated microwave assembly, space-grade high speed analog to digital converters, gigabit-per-second data interconnects, and field programmable gate arrays have enabled a transition from traditional analog detector-based demodulators to digitally channelized systems that allow for hyperspectral, or fine spectral resolution microwave sounders to be viable replacements to the current operational instruments. This article demonstrates that retrievals of temperature and moisture soundings can be improved by as much as 50% when 60-80 appropriately chosen pseudochannels are employed. While the current simulations were limited to cloud free oceans, perhaps even greater benefits can be realized over land and cloud conditions where additional channels can help constrain the surface and clouds. The article also demonstrated the advantages of hyperspectral sensors as a way to detect radio frequency interference in the few Kelvin range, as well as its ability to improve intercalibration efforts due to its ability to match frequency response functions of target sensors.

关键词： Microwave radiometry Instruments Microwave filters Field programmable gate arrays Hyperspectral imaging Microwave integrated circuits Microwave circuits Data assimilation hyperspectral hyperspectral microwave sounders Microwave Reference Intercalibration Radiometer (MIRER) millimeter wave moisture radio frequency interference retrieval sounding temperature water vapor

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Weight Update Skipping: Reducing Training Time for Artificial Neural Networks

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ieee journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems 2021年第4期11卷 563-574页

作者： Safayenikoo, Pooneh Akturk, Ismail Univ Calif Santa Cruz Dept Comp Sci & Engn Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA Ozyegin Univ Comp Sci Dept TR-34794 Istanbul Turkey

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are known as state-of-the-art techniques in Machine Learning (ML) and have achieved outstanding results in data-intensive applications, such as recognition, classification, and segmentation. These networks mostly use deep layers of convolution and/or fully connected layers with many filters in each layer, demanding a large amount of data and tunable hyperparameters to achieve competitive accuracy. As a result, storage, communication, and computational costs of training (in particular time spent for training) become limiting factors to scale them up. In this paper, we propose a new training methodology for ANNs that exploits the observation of improvement of accuracy shows temporal variations which allow us to skip updating weights when the variation is minuscule. During such time windows, we keep updating bias which ensures the network still trains and avoids overfitting;however, we selectively skip updating weights (and their time-consuming computations). This training approach virtually achieves the same accuracy with considerably less computational cost and reduces the time spent on training. We developed two variations of the proposed training method for selectively updating weights, and call them as i) Weight Update Skipping (WUS), and ii) Weight Update Skipping with Learning Rate Scheduler (WUS+LR). We evaluate these two approaches by analyzing state-of-the-art models, including AlexNet, VGG-11, VGG-16, ResNet-18 on CIFAR datasets. We also use ImageNet dataset for AlexNet, VGG-16, and Resnet-18. On average, WUS and WUS+LR reduced the training time (compared to the baseline) by 54%, and 50% on CPU and 22%, and 21% on GPU, respectively for CIFAR-10;and 43% and 35% on CPU and 22%, and 21% on GPU, respectively for CIFAR-100;and finally 30% and 27% for ImageNet, respectively.

关键词： Training Neural networks circuits and systems Costs Graphics processing units Computational efficiency Switches Artificial neural networks training time temporal variation weight update

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Power Side-Channel Attacks on BNN Accelerators in Remote FPGAs

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ieee journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems 2021年第2期11卷 357-370页

作者： Moini, Shayan Tian, Shanquan Holcomb, Daniel Szefer, Jakub Tessier, Russell Univ Massachusetts Amherst Dept Elect & Comp Engn Amherst MA 01003 USA Yale Univ Dept Elect Engn New Haven CT 06511 USA

To lower cost and increase the utilization of Cloud Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), researchers have recently been exploring the concept of multi-tenant FPGAs, where multiple independent users simultaneously share the same remote FPGA. Despite its benefits, multi-tenancy opens up the possibility of malicious users co-locating on the same FPGA as a victim user, and extracting sensitive information. This issue becomes especially serious when the user is running a machine learning algorithm that is processing sensitive or private information. To demonstrate the dangers, this paper presents a remote, power-based side-channel attack on a deep neural network accelerator running in a variety of Xilinx FPGAs and also on Cloud FPGAs using Amazon Web Services (AWS) F1 instances. This work in particular shows how to remotely obtain voltage estimates as a deep neural network inference circuit executes, and how the information can be used to recover the inputs to the neural network. The attack is demonstrated with a binarized convolutional neural network used to recognize handwriting images from the MNIST handwritten digit database. With the use of precise time-to-digital converters for remote voltage estimation, the MNIST inputs can be successfully recovered with a maximum normalized cross-correlation of 79% between the input image and the recovered image on local FPGA boards and 72% on AWS F1 instances. The attack requires no physical access nor modifications to the FPGA hardware.

关键词： Field programmable gate arrays Convolution Neural networks Kernel Feature extraction circuits and systems Side-channel attacks Remote attacks deep neural networks convolutional neural networks side-channel attacks power attacks time-to-digital converters (TDCs)

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Integration of Three-Phase LLC Resonant Converter and Full-Bridge Converter for Hybrid Modulated Multioutput Topology

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2022年第5期10卷 5844-5856页

作者： Li, Guangdi Yang, Dongsheng Zhou, Bowen Liu, Yan-Fei Zhang, Huaguang Northeastern Univ Coll Informat Sci & Engn Shenyang Peoples R China Queens Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada

A multioutput dc-dc topology based on hybrid modulation of pulse frequency modulation and the phase shift is proposed in this article. The proposed hybrid modulated multioutput converter is derived from the integration of a three-phase LLC resonant converter and the full-bridge converter. With the hybrid modulation, the multioutput is controlled independently free from cross-regulation and isolated from each other. With the three-phase interleaving operation, the resonant currents can be reduced, and thus, the efficiency will be improved. Furthermore, the output current ripple of the main output voltage is reduced;as a consequence, the lifetime of the output filter capacitor is extended, and the reliability is reinforced. What is more, the number of the power switches is reduced, and the zero-voltage switching of the power switches can be achieved within the entire load range by the proposed integrated topology. All the abovementioned features of the proposed converter will lead to a compact, efficient, and cost-effective design. Finally, a 1.4-kW triple-output laboratory prototype is built and tested to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed converter.

关键词： Bridge circuits Topology Resonant converters DC-DC power converters Zero voltage switching Voltage control Switches Full-bridge converter hybrid modulation multioutput dc-dc converter three-phase LLC resonant converter

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2013 Index ieee journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems Vol. 3

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ieee journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems 2013年第4期3卷 655-664页

This index covers all technical items - papers, correspondence, reviews, etc. - that appeared in this periodical during the year, and items from previous years that were commented upon or corrected in this year. Departments and other items may also be covered if they have been judged to have archival value. The Author Index contains the primary entry for each item, listed under the first author's name. The primary entry includes the co-authors' names, the title of the paper or other item, and its location, specified by the publication abbreviation, year, month, and inclusive pagination. The Subject Index contains entries describing the item under all appropriate subject headings, plus the first author's name, the publication abbreviation, month, and year, and inclusive pages. Note that the item title is found only under the primary entry in the Author Index.

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Hardware Design of a 13.8-kV/3-MVA PV Plus Storage Solid-State Transformer (PVS-SST)

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2022年第4期10卷 3571-3586页

作者： Xu, Wei Guo, Zhicheng Vetrivelan, Adithyan Yu, Ruiyang Huang, Alex Q. Univ Texas Austin Dept Elect & Comp Engn Semicond Power Elect Ctr SPEC Austin TX 78712 USA

Photovoltaic (PV) power generation plant with integrated battery energy storage (BES) is becoming increasingly attractive and necessary as the PV penetration increases. Traditional solutions involve two paralleled inverter systems at the same site. This increases the balance of the system cost and the control complexity. Furthermore, high-power step-up transformers are needed to connect to the distribution grid, further increasing the capital cost, land use, and installation cost. Combining PV and BES into a single inverter system without the 60-Hz step-up transformer is, therefore, very attractive as the next-generation technology for utility-scale solar. This effectively calls for the development of a PV+BES solid-state transformer (PVS-SST). This article proposes a 13.8-kV/3-MVA PVS-SST targeting a 13.8-kV grid connection on the ac side and a 1500-V PV farm on the dc side. The PVS-SST utilizes a modular SST concept with a total of 27 SiC submodules. Each submodule is based on 1700-V SiC power MOSFET devices and single-stage dual-active-bridge (DAB)-based dc/ac power conversion technology. In order to utilize the inevitable parasitic capacitances in the actual hardware, a novel turn-off loss model is proposed and experimentally verified. A comprehensive optimization strategy, including the proposed novel turn-off loss model, ZVS range, dead-time calculation, and minimum circulation current, is proposed. The medium-frequency transformer (MFT) design to achieve very high efficiency and isolation voltage is a grand challenge in the proposed PVS-SST and is discussed in detail. The power density of the SiC power submodule is 1.6 MW/m(3) (26 W/inch(3)). The PVS-SST control architecture is discussed with a focus on voltage balancing and real and reactive power controls.

关键词： Silicon carbide MOSFET Inverters Bridge circuits Zero voltage switching Insulated gate bipolar transistors Batteries Battery energy storage (BES) dual active bridge (DAB) medium-frequency transformer (MFT) photovoltaic (PV) inverter SiC MOSFET solid-state transformer (SST)

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Analytical Determination of Fast-Scale Instability Boundaries for Current Mode Controlled DC-DC Converters With CPL and Closed Voltage Loop

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ieee journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems 2021年第1期11卷 39-48页

作者： El Aroudi, Abdelali Al-Numay, Mohammed S. Haroun, Reham Zhang, Guidong Univ Rovira & Virgili Dept Engn Elect Elect & Automat Escola Tecn Super Engn Tarragona 43007 Spain King Saud Univ Elect Engn Dept Riyadh 12372 Saudi Arabia Guangdong Univ Technol Sch Automat Guangzhou 510006 Peoples R China

In this paper fast-scale instability boundary in power converters loaded by a constant power load is addressed using an analytical approach. From a piecewise linearized model of the converter, the discrete-time steady-state values of the electrical variables are first determined. Based on justified and realistic approximations of the voltage and current ripples, simple and accurate expressions for these steady-state values are derived and validated. Starting from a matrix-based analytical expression representing the fast-scale instability boundary, a simple design-oriented approximate expression is derived showing insight into how the different system parameters influence this boundary. We highlight its dependency on ripple and slope quantities of the electrical variables of the converter and we explore the impact of variation of parameters in different projections of the multi-dimensional parameter space. An important parameter is the outer voltage controller gain which we demonstrate mathematically that it could have an either stabilizing or destabilizing effect depending whether the steady-state duty cycle is smaller or larger than 1/2. Experimental measurements from a laboratory prototype are in correlation with the theoretical predictions.

关键词： Switches Load modeling Voltage control Mathematical model Switching converters circuits and systems Biological system modeling Stability analysis stability criteria power conversion dc-dc power converters constant power load

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