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Analysis and Design of Full-Bridge Converter With a Simple Passive Auxiliary Circuit Achieving Adaptive Peak Current for ZVS and Low Circulating Current

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2021年第2期9卷 2051-2065页

作者： Yang, Xiaoguang Li, Yuqi Gao, Zheng Xi, Ligen Wen, Jing Hebei Univ Technol State Key Lab Reliabil & Intelligence Elect Equip Tianjin 300130 Peoples R China Hebei Univ Technol Hebei Key Lab Electromagnet Field & Elect Apparat Sch Elect Engn Tianjin 300130 Peoples R China

This article presents the analysis and design considerations of a phase shift full-bridge converter with a new simple and reliable passive auxiliary circuit for zero-voltage switching (ZVS) operation. The steady-state behavior of the converter is analyzed in detail. The contribution of the energy stored to both auxiliary circuit and leakage inductance is considered in the analysis of ZVS condition, the auxiliary current adjustment ability and the rms circulating current of the auxiliary circuit are described, and the impacts of narrow frequency variation on the converter are analyzed. The design procedures based on analytical models considering phase shift angle and input voltage variation are presented, which gives basic parameter configurations for the converter operating at a fixed frequency. The function model between the switching frequency and phase shift angle is established, which is helpful to design and optimize the converter operating at an adaptive frequency to reduce circulating current. In the proposed converter, the auxiliary current is adaptively controlled and has a sharp peak current, so the circulating current and conduction loss are greatly reduced. An experimental prototype is implemented to confirm the predicted results.

关键词： RLC circuits Zero voltage switching Inductance Inductors Frequency conversion Switching frequency Capacitance Adaptive peak current dc– dc converter full-bridge converter narrow frequency variation passive auxiliary circuit zero-voltage switching (ZVS)

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Modified Dual Active Bridge DC/DC Converter With Improved Efficiency and Interoperability in Hybrid LCC/VSC HVDC Transmission Grids

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2021年第6期9卷 6963-6973页

作者： Aboushady, Ahmed A. Ahmed, Khaled H. Abdelsalam, Ibrahim Glasgow Caledonian Univ Sch Comp Engn & Built Environm Glasgow G4 0BA Lanark Scotland Univ Strathclyde Fac Engn Glasgow G1 1XW Lanark Scotland Arab Acad Sci Technol & Maritime Transport AASTMT Dept Elect & Control Engn Cairo 2033 Egypt

DC transmission grids are the promising electrical networks in the near future especially with the high penetration of large-scale renewables. This article proposes a modified version of the dual active bridge (DAB) dc/dc converter with ac link capacitors generating reactive power to compensate for nonactive power consumption, hence mitigating current stresses and losses to improve efficiency. The proposed topology also enables the connectivity of current source line-commutated HVDC and voltage source HVDC technologies particularly during power reversal;a feature which conventional DAB is incapable of doing. Analysis and detailed design of the proposed converter are addressed and a comparative performance analysis is carried out with conventional DAB. Converter principle of operation is explained and MATLAB/Simulink simulations are carried out to verify converter operation particularly under adverse conditions such as rated power reversal and dc fault conditions. A low-scale prototype substantiates the theoretical analysis and simulation results.

关键词： Bridge circuits HVDC transmission Topology Capacitors Reactive power Circuit faults Switches DC DC converter dual active bridge (DAB) hybrid HVDC grids line-commutated converter (LCC) voltage source converter (VSC)

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Modeling Single-Wire Capacitive Power Transfer System With Strong Coupling to Ground

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2021年第2期9卷 2295-2302页

作者： Zou, Lixiang Jackie Zhu, Qi Van Neste, Charles W. Hu, Aiguo Patrick Univ Auckland Dept Elect & Comp Engn Auckland 1010 New Zealand Cent South Univ Sch Automat Changsha 410083 Peoples R China Tennessee Technol Univ Ctr Energy Syst Res Cookeville TN 38501 USA

This article presents the modeling of a single-wire capacitive power transfer (CPT) system to reveal its power transfer mechanism with strong coupling to ground. An equivalent circuit is proposed by treating the ground as a quasi-conductive medium. The parameters of the equivalent circuit model are determined, including the capacitance between the coupling plates of the CPT system, the single-wire inductance and capacitance between the wire and the ground, and the ground equivalent impedance. The maximum power transfer capacity corresponding to the system's resonant frequency is analyzed by using the proposed model to guide the system tuning design. A prototype single-wire CPT system is built, and a computer simulation technology (CST) model is undertaken to show the electric and magnetic field distributions, and the Poynting vector indicating the direction and magnitude of the power flow in the system. It is shown that the output voltage and the power predicted by the theoretical model are in good agreement with the simulation and practical results under the frequency and load variations. Different lengths of the dangling single wire at the secondary side of the CPT system are also investigated to validate the model with different levels of ground effects.

关键词： Wires Couplings Capacitance Integrated circuit modeling Equivalent circuits Inductance Conductivity Capacitive power transfer (CPT) single-wire CPT system wireless power transfer (WPT)

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Xilinx System Generator-Based Rapid Prototyping of Solid-State Transformer for On-Grid Renewable Energy Integration

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2021年第2期9卷 1280-1289页

作者： Haritha, G. Sundaramoorthy, Kumaravel Sankar, Ashok Natl Inst Technol Calicut Kozbikode 673601 India

At present, there is a need for reliable, sustainable and effective integration of distributed energy sources into the utility grid. Excess heating, derating due to harmonics, and so on are the major drawbacks of the conventional transformers. Such drawbacks led to the development of solid-state transformers (SSTs). This article focuses on Xilinx system generator (XSG)-based rapid prototyping of SST. Here, a single active bridge (SAB) is used for integrating renewable energy sources with the utility grid. For safe starting and mode selection with effective protection schemes of the SST, a dedicated algorithm is developed and implemented in XSG along with the controllers. The various controllers for the stable operation of the SST are implemented in the XSG. A 3-kVA, 400-V, 3 phi laboratory prototype of the SST is fabricated. The developed prototype is tested successfully, and the results are presented in this article. The faster control execution with parallel operation at a clock frequency of 40 MHz on a controller platform enables reliable operation of the system, which is highly susceptible to sudden dynamic conditions. A study on the effect of cooling system on the efficiency of the SST has been conducted and the results are reported.

关键词： Circuit faults Voltage control Transformer cores Bridge circuits Inverters Field programmable gate arrays Windings Rapid prototyping single active bridge (SAB) solid-state transformer (SST) Xilinx system generator (XSG)

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A Modular Adaptive Robust Nonlinear Control for Resilient Integration of VSIs Into emerging Modernized Microgrids

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2021年第3期9卷 2907-2925页

作者： Davari, Masoud Aghababa, Mohammad Pourmahmood Blaabjerg, Frede Saif, Mehrdad Georgia Southern Univ Allen E Paulson Coll Engn & Comp Dept Elect & Comp Engn Statesboro Campus Statesboro GA 30460 USA Urmia Univ Technol Dept Elect Engn Orumiyeh *** Iran Univ Windsor Fac Engn Dept Elect & Comp Engn Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada Aalborg Univ Dept Energy Technol DK-9220 Aalborg Denmark

Nowadays, emerging modernized microgrids (MMGs) have significantly employed the voltage-source inverters (VSIs). VSIs are enabling technologies to form multi-infeed ac/dc (MIACDC) power systems integrating a variety of generation units and different loads into one coherent grid. In emerging MMGs, the frequency-dependent dynamics of multiple components affect the PQ-controlled, grid-connected VSIs (GC-VSIs), particularly when integrated into a weak network. In order to address this challenging problem, the full integration of the dynamics of the phase-locked loop (PLL) into those of GC-VSIs is accomplished in this research via an innovative modular structure to improve the VSI's performance. This action is expected to significantly reduce the effect of the ac-side dynamics on the control of GC-VSIs. In addition, there are uncertainties associated with the parameters in the system. Accordingly, mismatched disturbances and uncertainties (both matched and mismatched ones) will appear in a nonlinear dynamic problem, and therefore, from the standpoint of control theories, mismatched disturbances and uncertainties should be overcome. Satisfying them is a difficult task in control of nonlinear systems. Therefore, one of the main contributions of this work is finding an appropriate mathematical model of GCVSIs in the dq-frame for the problem under study. Afterward, in order to control both active and reactive power independently, this article presents a novel two-degree-of-freedom (2DoF) methodology with an enhanced modular design. It combines the sliding-mode control with a "new sliding manifold" and a disturbance observer with a "new adaptation rule" taking care of uncertainties and mismatched disturbances. Those disturbance signals may be generated by the PLL dynamics or voltage signals affecting the GC-VSI's dynamics. Through providing mathematical analyses (including stability assessments via various theorems using Lyapunov stability criterion), simulation results, and

关键词： uncertainties disturbance observer emerging grids grid-connected voltage-source inverters (GC-VSIs) Lyapunov stability mismatched disturbances multi-infeed ac/dc (MIACDC) grids phase-locked loop (PLL) sliding mode control (SMC)

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Bipolar DC Power Conversion: State-of-the-Art and emerging Technologies

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2021年第2期9卷 1192-1204页

作者： Rivera, Sebastian Lizana F, Ricardo Kouro, Samir Dragicevic, Tomislav Wu, Bin Univ Los Andes Fac Engn & Appl Sci Santiago 7620086 Chile Univ Catolica Santisima Concepcion Dept Elect Engn Concepcion 4090541 Chile Univ Tecn Federico Santa Mara Dept Elect Engn Valparaiso 2390123 Chile Tech Univ Denmark Dept Elect Engn DK-2800 Lyngby Denmark Ryerson Univ Dept Elect Comp & Biomed Engn Toronto ON M5B 2K3 Canada

This article provides a detailed analysis of the power electronics solutions enabling bipolar dc grids. The bipolar dc grid concept has proven to be more efficient, flexible, and higher in quality than the conventional unipolar one. However, despite its many features, these systems still have to overcome their issues with asymmetrical loading to avoid voltage imbalances, besides meeting regulatory and safety requirements that are still under development. Advances in power electronics and the large-scale deployment of dc consumer appliances have put this growing architecture in the spotlight, as it has drawn the attention of different research groups recently. The following provides an insightful discussion regarding the topologies that enable these architectures and their regulatory requirements, besides their features and level of development. In addition, some future trends and challenges in the further development of this technology are discussed to motivate future contributions that address open problems and explore new possibilities.

关键词： Power electronics Conductors Safety Voltage control Power cables DC distribution systems Wires Bipolar dc bus dc distribution dc microgrids low voltage (LV) dc smart grid

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High-Frequency Wide-Range Resonant Converter Operating as an Automotive LED Driver

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2021年第5期9卷 5781-5794页

作者： Mukherjee, Satyaki Yousefzadeh, Vahid Sepahvand, Alihossein Doshi, Montu Maksimovic, Dragan Univ Colorado Dept Elect Comp & Energy Engn Boulder CO 80309 USA Texas Instruments Inc Longmont CO 80501 USA

This article introduces an immittance network-based wide-range LCL-T resonant dc-dc converter, where two control variables, a phase shift between two inverter half-bridges, and a phase shift between inverter and rectifier half-bridges, are utilized to achieve output current regulation while minimizing losses over wide ranges of input and output voltages. A practical control strategy is developed to adjust the phase shifts so that zero voltage switching of all devices is achieved while minimizing conduction losses. Efficiency improvements over a standard LCL-T converter are demonstrated by loss modeling and by experiments. The features of the proposed WR-LCL-T converter are well suited for automotive LED drivers. Experimental results demonstrating operation with the loss minimizing control strategy are shown for a 2-MHz converter prototype operating from an input voltage ranging from 8 to 18 V, and delivering 0.5-A output current to a string of 1-14 LEDs, which corresponds to an output voltage range of 3-45 V. Using silicon MOSFETs, the prototype achieves a peak power stage efficiency of 92.4% and maintains greater than 86% power stage efficiency across the wide input and output voltage ranges.

关键词： Bridge circuits Voltage control Inverters Resonant converters Light emitting diodes Zero voltage switching Automotive engineering Automotive lighting current source converter efficiency optimization immittance network LCL-T resonant network LED driver phase shift control resonant dc-dc converter

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Design Optimization of Medium-Frequency Transformer for DAB Converters With DC Bias Capacity

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2021年第4期9卷 5043-5054页

作者： Yao, Pengfei Jiang, Xiaohua Xue, Peng Li, Siqi Lu, Sizhao Wang, Fred Tsinghua Univ Dept Elect Engn Beijing 100084 Peoples R China Kunming Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect Engn Kunming 650500 Yunnan Peoples R China Univ Tennessee Min H Kao Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci Knoxville TN 37996 USA

Medium-frequency transformer (MFT) dc bias is critical for the safe operation of dual-active-bridge (DAB) converters. To analyze the dc bias, expressions of dc bias are derived for SiC MOSFET DAB converters. It shows that the dc bias is a current source in steady state;thus, a dc bias current capacity is defined and used as a design constraint in the optimization of MFT. The dc bias current capacity is related to core materials, geometric parameters, and flux density, which is analyzed with analytical expression. Optimization equations with geometric variables are derived, which can be solved theoretically or numerically for both interleaved winding (IW) and separated winding (SW) MFT without and/or with leakage inductance design. Based on the optimization equations, different MFT designs for a 150-kW SiC MOSFET DAB converter are compared on the aspects of core materials, winding structures, and without/with leakage inductance design. The combination of IW structure MFT with auxiliary phase shift inductors is chosen, and the assembled prototype is tested with the 150-kW DAB converter. The designed dc bias capacity, temperature rise, and efficiency are verified.

关键词： Bridge circuits Inductance Windings Optimization Frequency conversion Silicon carbide Power transformers DC bias design optimization dual-active-bridge (DAB) converter medium-frequency transformer (MFT)

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A Three-Level Isolated AC-DC PFC Power Converter Topology With a Reduced Number of Switches

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2021年第1期9卷 1052-1063页

作者： Aldosari, Obaid Rodriguez, Luciano Andres Garcia Oggier, German G. Balda, Juan Carlos Univ Arkansas Dept Elect Engn Fayetteville AR 72701 USA Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz Univ Dept Elect Engn Al Kharj 11942 Saudi Arabia Sandia Natl Labs Albuquerque NM 87111 USA Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn C1040AAH Buenos Aires DF Argentina

The main objective of this research work is to develop a new low-cost isolated three-level ac-dc power converter topology with a reduced number of switches. Existing three-level converter topologies change ac power to dc power while maintaining requirements set by international standards for power conversion. These types of converters have significant conduction losses due to high currents in the low-voltage side and high costs, mainly when using several active devices in series or in parallel to achieve high-voltage and high-power levels. The proposed topology replaces the conventional three-level converters in the secondary side by only two controlled devices and four diodes while still maintaining the basic functionality of a three-level converter. Furthermore, simulation results for a 25-kW case study and experimental results on a 900-W scale-down prototype demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed ideas.

关键词： Topology Voltage control Capacitors Semiconductor diodes Bridge circuits Power electronics Rectifiers Isolated three-level ac– dc converter low-cost ac– dc converter power factor correction (PFC) solid-state transformer (SST)

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Loss Imbalance and Transient DC-Bias Mitigation in Dual-Active-Bridge DC/DC Converters

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ieee journal OF emerging AND selected topics IN POWER ELECTRONICS 2021年第2期9卷 1399-1409页

作者： Wang, Shien Li, Chi Wang, Kui Zheng, Zedong Li, Yongdong Tsinghua Univ Dept Elect Engn Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

The triple-phase shift (TPS) modulation has been widely used in dual-active-bridge (DAB) converters to improve system efficiency but still has much greater potentials to be explored. Specifically, pulsewidth modulation (PWM) generation techniques are often not discussed, which, however, are found to be crucial to enhance the converter performances. First, in conventional TPS modulations, switches in the same H-bridge turn on and off under different currents, which leads to imbalances in switching losses and, thus, different temperature rises. This will result in different heat stresses on the switches and eventually impact reliability. Second, transient dc biases occur when phase shifts are updated, which is hard to be addressed by dc-blocking capacitors. The abovementioned two issues can be simultaneously resolved by properly utilizing PWM generation techniques, without any extra components or sensors. To this end, this article presents a comprehensive analysis of loss imbalances and transient dc biases and then proposes mitigation methods. To fully exploit the proposed methods, a generalized PWM generation technique that combines the advantages of switching loss balance and transient dc-bias mitigation is proposed for enhanced performances and fast dynamic responses of DAB converters. The proposed modulation and the PWM generation strategy were verified with a laboratory prototype.

关键词： Modulation Transient analysis Switching loss Hafnium Legged locomotion Bridge circuits Switches DC-bias dc-dc power converter pulsewidth modulation (PWM) switching loss balance

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