The often touted attractive attributes of printed/organic electronics are its mechanically flexible form-factor, low-cost, green, on-demand printing, scalability, low-power operation, and intelligence (signal processi...
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The often touted attractive attributes of printed/organic electronics are its mechanically flexible form-factor, low-cost, green, on-demand printing, scalability, low-power operation, and intelligence (signal processing) ideally, the creation of intelligent lightweight electronics printed by simple ubiquitous printing processes, and integrated into new ways to exploit its mechanically flexible form-factor. Printed/Organic Electronics, now an industry on its own right and recognized as one of the key technological enablers for the Internet of Things, is largely complementary to silicon because the printed transistors are slow and the printed elements are large. The sanguine projected growth of the $29 B market today to $73 B by 2027 assumes that `intelligence' (analog, mixed-signal and digital signal processing) would be realizable. Nevertheless, many of the said attributes of printed/organic electronics remain a challenge. In this paper, we exemplify this with a comprehensive and critical review and tabulation of the state-of-the art printed digital, analog, and mixed-signal circuits. We further review the application space of printed/organic electronics and the supply chain, including their classifications and delineate the associated challenges in each constituent chain. These challenges, largely unresolved, are indeed formidable, and are discussed with a critical circuits and systems perspective. Our review depicts that contemporary design philosophies and methodologies for silicon are largely inadequate for printed/organic electronics. To this end, we discuss esoteric analog and digital design philosophies and methodologies, with emphasis on co-design and co-optimization between the different constituent supply chains that may potentially circumvent the said formidable challenges, and discuss the associated penalties thereto.
The rapid emergence of 5G communications technology and standardization has seen an accelerated transfer of theoretical concepts to advanced development and implementation. Not only are 5G baseband signal processing a...
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The rapid emergence of 5G communications technology and standardization has seen an accelerated transfer of theoretical concepts to advanced development and implementation. Not only are 5G baseband signal processing algorithms becoming more important, but also the co-design and implementation of corresponding circuits, architectures, and platforms are becoming necessary due to rapid standardization of 5G communications. This timely overview paper introduces circuits and systems (CAS) for key enabling technologies for the new 5G era: massive MIMO, mmWave baseband systems, NOMA schemes, advanced channel coding, and so on. The state-of-the-art research progress in these areas is summarized for interested readers to initiate discussion on limitations of existing solutions and open research problems that are looking for innovative solutions, especially in the CAS area. We hope this paper can bridge the gap between the theoretical investigation and application implementation for 5G communications.
This work is dedicated to the design of fully-printed organic circuits on plastic foils. Passive ring mixers, diode-based active envelope detectors and a flash analog to digital converter are presented. The circuits b...
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This work is dedicated to the design of fully-printed organic circuits on plastic foils. Passive ring mixers, diode-based active envelope detectors and a flash analog to digital converter are presented. The circuits based on N-type and P-type transistors are manufactured using an organic sheet-to-sheet process in ambient air. The fully-printed active envelope detector based on nine transistors and a capacitance shows better performance than the one described in the literature. The detector is able to perform with different waveforms of AM-modulated signals under a +/-20 V supply voltage for a 40 kHz carrier frequency. It still performs correctly for a modulation depth of 10%. The passive ring mixers only use four transistors and are able to mix a 5 Hz modulating wave with carrier frequencies from 100 Hz until 2 kHz. The analog to digital converter is designed with 45 transistors and four screen-printed carbon resistors for a total surface of 760 mm(2). The circuit converts a 20 Hz analog input signal into a digital 2-bit output code under a +/-20 V supply voltage. All presented circuits are simulated before the realization and their measurement is performed in ambient air.
In this paper we propose the design and measurement of functional analog and digital circuits with a response time below 1 ms, based on organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) fabricated by means of contact photolithogr...
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In this paper we propose the design and measurement of functional analog and digital circuits with a response time below 1 ms, based on organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) fabricated by means of contact photolithography and self-alignment procedures. An adapted amorphous Silicon TFT compact model is used both in analytic equations and in DC Spice simulations for the design of simple organic circuits. Digital circuits such as inverters and logic gates are demonstrated with DC gains of almost 19 dB. Two analog circuits are also shown: first a differential amplifier with an open loop DC gain of 10 dB and a gain-bandwidth of 3 kHz, and second, a source coupled latch comparator tested with an input frequency of 1 kHz and a clock frequency of 10 kHz. These simple circuits comprised of only a few OTFTs are fabricated directly on flexible plastic sheets and therefore are ideal front-end interfaces for the control and fast read-out of flexible sensors.
In the last years there has been a growing interest in the realization of low-cost, flexible and large area electronic systems such as item-level RFID tags, flexible displays or smart labels, among others. Specificall...
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In the last years there has been a growing interest in the realization of low-cost, flexible and large area electronic systems such as item-level RFID tags, flexible displays or smart labels, among others. Specifically, inkjet printing technology has been increasingly applied as advanced deposition technology in the field of printed electronics due to the high flexibility in terms of patterns (mask-less) and materials, and its low cost approach as only a small amount of materials is required in comparison to other solution-based deposition techniques. Our work focuses on the development of Organic Thin Film Transistors (OTFTs) by using organic, inorganic inks and low-cost all-inkjet purely printing process, thus centring the effort in the design, manufacturing and characterization point of view in order to fabricate all-inkjet printed organic integrated circuits. Electrical and morphological characterizations were performed in order to obtain device statistics to investigate the origins of the failures responsible for the low yields. Most of research works are based on laboratory inkjet equipment for manufacturing using single nozzle systems to fabricate small numbers of devices. The variability and mismatch of the printed devices are under represented in literature and are key factors towards commercialization of printed electronics.
In this paper, a minimum mean square error (MMSE) joint feedback feed-forward equalizer (MJFFE) is proposed to deterministically suppress the inter-symbol interference and inter-carrier interference that arose from th...
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In this paper, a minimum mean square error (MMSE) joint feedback feed-forward equalizer (MJFFE) is proposed to deterministically suppress the inter-symbol interference and inter-carrier interference that arose from the filter bank multi-carrier in a long multipath channel of the 60-GHz indoor wireless transmission. The decision device is discarded in the decision feedback loop to reduce error propagation while at the same time applying the MMSE criterion to prevent over compensation influenced by additive white Gaussian noise. As a result, in an non-line-of-sight (NLOS) channel with 7.65-ns rms delay spread, a 3-tap MJFFE provides 3-dB improvement at the bit error rate (BER) 10(-2) crossing and improve error floor effect at the BER 10(-3) crossing, as compared with the 1-tap zero-forcing equalizer. Furthermore, the proposed equalizer coefficients calculation based on linear convolution for the MJFFE is also presented. The hardware complexity achieves 50% reduction by using several methods including multiplexing, memory sharing, and computation element sharing.
The impetus for Organic/Printed Electronics is both compelling and exigent – the creation of intelligent lightweight electronics based on cheap abundant materials and printed by simple ubiquitous printing processes, ...
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The impetus for Organic/Printed Electronics is both compelling and exigent – the creation of intelligent lightweight electronics based on cheap abundant materials and printed by simple ubiquitous printing processes, and integrated into new ways to exploit its mechanically flexible form-factor. The desirable attributes include Low-Cost (cost in terms of cents, hence disposable), Green (environmentally friendly and non-corrosive chemicals and low wastage), On-demand (print quickly where production time goes from months/weeks to minutes, print anywhere and print anytime), Scalable (large-area large-format printing, e.g., wallpaper, high throughput printing, etc.), ‘Intelligent’ (embodying analog, digital and mixed-signal processing), Low-Power (low voltage, low current and operable with intermittent and noisy power supplies), and Mechanical Flexibility (printable on flexible substrates such as plastic films, etc.) such that the substrate can be molded or bent to fit in odd and uneven spaces, adhered to curvilinear surfaces, conformable, bendable, rollable, etc. Ideally, it is akin to a low-cost, green, print anywhere, on-demand, and scalable graphics-based ‘printing press’ to print electronics.
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