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Planar spherical diffraction-arrays: Linear sound localization algorithms

Planar spherical diffraction-arrays: Linear sound localizati...

引用

4th ieee sensor array and multichannel signal processing workshop

作者： Handzel, Amir A. 42 Hillcrest Circle Watertown MA 02472 USA

ISBN: (纸本)1424403081

Sound source localization systems typically measure differences in time-of-arrival between microphones in free field arrays. Using a different concept, we previously designed and built a localization system that mimics nature's solution of harnessing wave diffraction about the head while relying only on two sensors positioned antipodally. Departing from the biological constraint of two sensors, I recently showed that for broadband sources, a high acuity array could be designed with merely three microphones. Yet adding more microphones may further increase acuity and robustness. The localization algorithm we have developed uses pair-wise comparisons between microphones, the number of which increases quadratically with the number of microphones, N. In order to minimize calculations in time sensitive applications, choosing a subset of pairs may be important. I examine this issue here through simulations of a hexagonal array. Thanks to the redundancy of spatial information contained in multiple microphone measurements, algorithms that are linear in N allow high acuity localization of broadband sources.

关键词： array processing

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Throughput of large wireless networks on square, hexagonal and triangular grids

Throughput of large wireless networks on square, hexagonal a...

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4th ieee sensor array and multichannel signal processing workshop

作者： Hong, Kezhu Hua, Yingbo Univ Calif Riverside Dept Elect Engn Riverside CA 92521 USA

ISBN: (纸本)1424403081

Capacity analysis of sensor networks or wireless ad hoc networks has attracted a great attention in the past years. But the research in this area has primarily focused on scaling laws of arbitrary or random network instead of the exact capacity of given topologies. While the insight into how the capacity of an arbitrary or random network scales with the number of nodes in a given area is important, the exact capacity of a network depends on the network topology and can be more desirable in practice. In this paper, we compare the throughput of a large network with three possible topologies: square (rectangular), hexagonal and triangular. With a given topology, the network throughput also depends on the choice of routing protocols. We follow a synchronous array method (SAM) that is known so far to yield the highest throughout of a network on a rectangular grid.

关键词： Wireless sensor networks

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Design of 2-dimension sparse arrays using an improved genetic algorithm

Design of 2-dimension sparse arrays using an improved geneti...

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4th ieee sensor array and multichannel signal processing workshop

作者： Chen, Kesong He, Zishu Han, Chunlin Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Elect Engn Chengdu Dichuan Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)1424403081

For the element position synthesis of 2-dimension sparse rectangular arrays with the design constraints of the number of elements, the aperture and the minimum element spacing, an improved genetic algorithm (IGA) based on chromosome element resetting is presented in this paper. Compared with the synthesis method of thinned arrays, this new approach could exploit more degree of freedom of elements to control the characters of the sparse arrays. When the aperture, the number of elements and the minimum element spacing are fixed identical, the new approach can make the sparse plane array produce lower peak sidelobe level (PSLL). The simulated results show that the fitness function value of thinned plane arrays with 108 elements mentioned by Haupt can reduce 5.626dB when the minimum element spacing of half wavelength was introduced into the optimization. And as well, the great efficiency and the robustness of IGA are shown in this paper.

关键词： array processing

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Improved 2-D Root MUSIC for non-circular signals

Improved 2-D Root MUSIC for non-circular signals

引用

4th ieee sensor array and multichannel signal processing workshop

作者： Salameh, Amjad Tayem, Nizar Kwon, Hyuck M. Florida Atlantic Univ Dept Elect Engn Boca Raton FL 33431 USA W Virginia Univ Inst Technol Dept Elect Engn Montgomery AL 25136 USA Wichita State Univ Dept ECE Wichita KS 67260 USA

ISBN: (纸本)1424403081

This paper proposes an improved two-dimensional (2-D) Root MUSIC algorithm for non-circular sources. The proposed method has many advantages over conventional Root MUSIC algorithms. First, it requires no pair matching between the azimuth and elevation angle estimation, whereas conventional 2-D Root MUSIC algorithms require an exhaustive pair-matching search. Second, the proposed algorithm shows no estimation failure when the elevation angles are between 70 and 90 degrees, whereas the conventional 2-D Root MUSIC algorithms fail. Third, the proposed algorithm can estimate the direction of arrival angles (DOAs) of coherent sources, whereas the conventional 2-D Root MUSIC algorithms cannot. Fourth, the algorithm does not require any forward/backward spatial smoothing, whereas the conventional 2-D MUSIC algorithms do. Hence, the proposed algorithm can reduce the computational load significantly and can be applied to faster real-time radar/sonar and commercial wireless systems. In addition to these advantages, the simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the conventional Root MUSIC algorithms by a 7 dB gain in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to achieve the same root mean square error (RMSE) performance.

关键词： antenna arrays array signal processing Root MUSIC coherent sources Toeplitz

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sensor scheduling using a 0-1 mixed integer programming framework

Sensor scheduling using a 0-1 mixed integer programming fram...

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4th ieee sensor array and multichannel signal processing workshop

作者： Chhetri, Amit S. Morrell, Darryl Papandreou-Suppappola, Antonia Arizona State Univ Dept Elect Engn Tempe AZ 85281 USA Arizona State Univ Dept Engn Tempe AZ 85281 USA

ISBN: (纸本)1424403081

In this paper, we propose a novel myopic sensor scheduling methodology for tracking a target moving through a network of energy-constrained acoustic sensors. Specifically, we address the problem of activating the minimum-energy combination of sensors in a network that maintains a desired squared-error accuracy in the target's position estimate. We first formulate the scheduling problem as a binary (0-1) nonlinear programming (NLP) problem. Using a linearization technique, we then convert the 0-1 NLP problem into a 0-1 mixed integer programming (MIP) problem. We solve the reformulated 01 MIP problem using a linear programming relaxation based branch-and-bound technique. We demonstrate through Monte Carlo simulations that our proposed MIP scheduling method is very computational efficient as we can find optimal solutions to scheduling problems involving 50-60 sensors with processing time in the order of seconds.

关键词： sensor networks

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Optimal adaptive array and angle tracking of multiple targets - A re-examination of optimal array processing

Optimal adaptive array and angle tracking of multiple target...

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4th ieee sensor array and multichannel signal processing workshop

作者： Gu, Huaijin Louisiana Tech Univ Ruston LA USA

ISBN: (纸本)1424403081

The optimal array for detecting the signal from a desired direction but contaminated by receiver noise and strong interference from different sources with unknown arriving-angles is re-examined. The well-known optimal array is obtained by inverting the covariance matrix of interference and noise to maximize the signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR). In practice, the covariance matrix is unknown and has to be estimated by a sample covariance matrix. The optimal array is thus estimated by inverting the sample covariance matrix. This procedure has been employed in optimal array research without challenge. However, it is shown in this paper that the estimated optimal array fails to yield the highest SINR in the case of unknown arriving-angles. Instead the highest SINR can be achieved by optimally estimating the arriving-angles of interference followed by a constrained matched filter, which maximizes the signal to noise ratio subject to canceling the interference from the estimated arriving-angles. In order to reduce the computational burden, an angle-tracking system for multiple targets is adopted to achieve the optimal estimation of arriving-angles. The resulting system of angle-tracking adaptive array offers the highest SINR at a computational burden only on the order of N . M-2 multiplications within a radar range-cell Delta tau, rather than N-3 multiplications in the well-known but questionable estimated optimal array. Here N is the number of sensors in the array and M the number of interference sources. Typically, N = 1,000 in a planar radar array, M = 2 similar to 10 and Delta tau = 1 mu S. Numerical simulations confirm the theoretical results.

关键词： array processing

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Node density and range improvement in cooperative networks using randomized Sspace-time block coding with time synchronization errors

Node density and range improvement in cooperative networks u...

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4th ieee sensor array and multichannel signal processing workshop

作者： Palat, Ramesh Chembil Annamalai, A. Reed, Jeffrey H. Virginia Tech Mobile & Portable Radio Res Grp Blacksburg VA 24061 USA

ISBN: (纸本)1424403081

Cooperative communication in energy-constrained networks is a topic of emerging interest in recent years especially for sensor network applications. We consider cooperative transmission from a cluster of nodes to a remote receiver. The transmission protocol used is randomized orthogonal space-time block coding, which allows each node to randomly transmit one column of a given orthogonal space-time code matrix. Previous work on the topic has shown that the scheme can achieve maximum possible diversity order for a given SNR as the number of cooperating nodes increases. In this paper we examine the range extension achievable under realistic conditions accounting for time synchronization errors and use of pulse shaping filters. We show that the scaling of range as the number of nodes increase with timing error is not linear. It reaches a limit beyond which range improvement is not significant.

关键词： sensor networks

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Incorporating pulse-to-pulse motion effects into side-looking array radar models

Incorporating pulse-to-pulse motion effects into side-lookin...

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4th ieee sensor array and multichannel signal processing workshop

作者： Green, Justin W. Hale, Todd B. Temple, Michael A. Buckreis, John T. USAF Inst Technol Dept Elect & Comp Engn 2950 Hobson Way Wright Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA

ISBN: (纸本)1424403081

A technique is presented for incorporating pulse-to-pulse (inter-pulse) motion effects into side-looking array radar data models yielding a motion-sensitive space-time snapshot. Low flying, highly-maneuverable Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) represent a potential worst case application scenario given their roll, yaw, and pitch rates are primarily limited by structural integrity. High degrees of maneuverability during the Coherent processing Interval (CPI) allow clutter and target returns to change significantly. The technique presented uses M coordinate transformations to describe platform attitude variations throughout the CPI. Ward's model then is extended to incorporate maneuver-induced changes in spatial frequency and Doppler. The new motion-sensitive space-time snapshot is used to characterize Space Time Adaptive processing (STAP) performance without motion-compensation applied. Results clearly show motion-induced clutter-null broadening with measurable degradation of STAP algorithm minimal discernable velocity.

关键词： Radar systems

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sensor management with uncertain performance characteristics

Sensor management with uncertain performance characteristics

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4th ieee sensor array and multichannel signal processing workshop

作者： Kolba, Mark P. Collins, Leslie M. Duke Univ Elect & Comp Engn Dept Box 90291 Durham NC 27708 USA

ISBN: (纸本)1424403081

Previous work has presented an information-theoretic sensor management framework for the detection of static targets. This framework is based on the expected discrimination gain maximization technique of Kastella. The sensor manager searches for N targets within a grid of cells using M sensors, which may be thought of as a reconfigurable sensor array. sensor probabilities of detection and false alarm are used in the mathematical structure of the sensor manager, and these probabilities have previously been assumed to be certain. Realistic problems, however, will inevitably involve uncertainty. This paper introduces uncertain sensor P-d and P-f values into the mathematical framework and allows for their incorporation into the sequential structure of the sensor manager. The performance of the presented sensor management technique is then compared to direct search, where the sensors sweep through the grid in a predefined sampling pattern. The sensor manager is found to be superior to direct search when the uncertainty present in the problem is properly modeled. When uncertainty is present but not modeled, the performance of the sensor manager is severely degraded. This result indicates that uncertainty modeling will be important and necessary for the successful application of the presented sensor manager to real-world problems. Additional simulations examine the robustness of the sensor manager to errors in the assumed densities for P-d and P-f, and the performance of the sensor manager is found to remain strong even when the assumed P-d and P-f densities differ from the true densities.

关键词： sensor management discrimination gain uncertainty detection multimodal sensing

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Performance analysis of linear predictive super-resolution processing for antenna arrays

Performance analysis of linear predictive super-resolution p...

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4th ieee sensor array and multichannel signal processing workshop

作者： Chen, Honglei Kasilingam, Dayalan Univ Massachusetts Dept Elect & Comp Engn N Dartmouth MA 02747 USA

ISBN: (纸本)1424403081

Many applications in array processing require a high resolution beamforming method. For example, Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) has been proposed to achieve higher system capacity in wireless systems. Implicit in SDMA is the ability to adaptively generate narrow antenna beam patterns, which ensures the physical separation between users and minimizes multiple user interference. However, antenna theory requires large antenna apertures to generate narrow beam patterns. This paper discusses an adaptive algorithm for extrapolating measurements from a small antenna array to a much larger virtual array. The technique utilizes linear prediction (LP) methods to perform the extrapolation. A Least Mean Square (LMS) based algorithm was used to estimate the LP coefficients. Since the algorithm is linear, it serves both as a direction-of-arrival (DoA) estimator and a matched filter for retrieving the transmitted signal. Other popular high-resolution algorithms such as MUSIC are inherently nonlinear and thus cannot be used on their own for retrieving signal information. The performance of this algorithm is studied with respect to interference suppression, noise and spatial resolution. It is shown that the IIR filter representing the LP process has poles corresponding to the DoA of the signal. The resulting LP coefficients can eliminate the interference between signals from different transmitters. However, no improvement in noise performance is seen because the receiver noise couples into the extrapolation process when two transmitters are closely located. The extrapolation algorithm is compared with the LCMV algorithm and found to produce similar results.

关键词： array processing

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