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3rd ieee Industrial Electronics Society Annual On-Line Conference, ONCON 2024

作者： Lindgren, Per Dzialo, Pawel Luleå University of Technology Sweden Tampere University Finland

ISBN: (纸本)9798331540319

Monitoring and tracing are integral to embedded systems development. In context of real-time systems, overhead is of essence as the timing behavior might be affected. In this paper we present real-time Monitor and Trace (RTMT) targeting (hard) real-time systems with static priority preemptive scheduling. Features of RTMT include both traditional logging capabilities, as well as event monitoring functionality. We show its feasibility to the Hippomenes FPGA implementation of the RISC-V RT architecture and demonstrate that cycle accurate time stamping of interrupt entry/exit and resource locking/unlocking is possible with zero interference to the running application. Logging, on the other hand comes with constant time overhead and is guaranteed to be non-blocking. RTMT builds on Nested COBS (N-COBS), a novel extension of the COBS protocol allowing for static priority preemptive framing with single byte overhead. In the paper we present the N-COBS protocol, formalize and prove its key properties: protocol soundness, encoder/decoder reversibility and single byte overhead. Design simplicity is demonstrated by the provided System Verilog encoder implementation as used to showcase monitoring and tracing of Rust RTIC applications running on the RISC-V RT architecture. © 2024 ieee.

关键词： embedded systems

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Security-Aware Design of Cyber-Physical Systems for Control over the Cloud

Security-Aware Design of Cyber-Physical Systems for Control ...

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2nd International symposium of Electronics Design Automation (ISEDA)

作者： Peng, Zebo Linkoping Univ Embedded Syst Lab ESLAB Linkoping Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)9798350352047;9798350352030

Modern-day control applications increasingly rely on cyber-physical systems (CPS) to implement advanced functionalities. Notable examples within automotive domains include adaptive cruise control, intelligent navigation, and autonomous driving. Leveraging the cloud's virtually infinite storage and computational power proves to be an efficient strategy for executing these sophisticated control algorithms. However, migrating control computations to the cloud introduces new challenges, notably on security and real-time constraints. We will present an integrated design and optimization methodology tailored for cloud-based control systems. This approach addresses security concerns and other crucial CPS design prerequisites, particularly focusing on ensuring the security and stability mandates of control loops closed over the cloud.

关键词： Cyber-Physical Systems control over the cloud security design and optimization

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Rapid Detection of Multi-QR Codes Based on Multistage Stepwise Discrimination and a Compressed MobileNet

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ieee INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL 2023年第18期10卷 15966-15979页

作者： Chen, Rongjun Huang, Hongxing Yu, Yongxing Ren, Jinchang Wang, Peixian Zhao, Huimin Lu, Xu Guangdong Polytech Normal Univ Sch Comp Sci Guangzhou 510665 Peoples R China South China Univ Technol Sch Automat Sci & Engn Guangzhou 510641 Peoples R China Robert Gordon Univ Natl Subsea Ctr Aberdeen AB21 0BH Scotland

Poor real-time performance in multi-QR codes detection has been a bottleneck in QR code decoding-based Internet of Things (IoT) systems. To tackle this issue, we propose in this article a rapid detection approach, which consists of multistage stepwise discrimination (MSD) and a Compressed MobileNet. Inspired by the object category determination analysis, the preprocessed QR codes are extracted accurately on a small scale using the MSD. Guided by the small scale of the image and the end-to-end detection model, we obtain a lightweight Compressed MobileNet in a deep weight compression manner to realize rapid inference of multi-QR codes. The average detection precision (ADP), multiple box rate (MBR) and running time are used for quantitative evaluation of the efficacy and efficiency. Compared with a few state-of-the-art methods, our approach has higher detection performance in rapid and accurate extraction of all the QR codes. The approach is conducive to embedded implementation in edge devices along with a bit of overhead computation to further benefit a wide range of real-time IoT applications.

关键词： QR codes Codes Internet of Things Image edge detection Task analysis Image coding Terminology embedded edge devices Internet of Things (IoT) MobileNet multi-QR codes rapid detection

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Low-Power Design of Advanced Image Processing Algorithms under FPGA in real-time applications 4

Low-Power Design of Advanced Image Processing Algorithms und...

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4th ieee International Conference on Power, Electronics and Computer applications, ICPECA 2024

作者： Wang, Yuyao Lamar University Department of Electrical Engineering BeaumontTX United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798350359589

Due to the real-time measurement required for image processing in practice, image processing technology is increasingly supplemented by hardware, such as using DSP (Digital Signal Processing) chips (image processing specific chips). However, when storing and processing large amounts of data, using DSP for image processing also has problems such as slow processing speed and poor real-time performance of the system. This article combines the embedded cache module in the IP core of FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) with the read/write ping-pong structure to store and retrieve image data, in order to save memory space on the chip. The relatively simple algorithm functions and parallel computing of FPGA, combined with a pipeline structure, shorten the image preprocessing time and solve the problem of poor real-time image processing. The experimental results show that due to the increase in workload, the static power consumption of FPGA algorithm design only increased from lW to 1.242W, while the static power consumption of traditional design increased from 1.009W to 1.578W;The dynamic power consumption of FPGA algorithm design has increased from 1.005W to 1.489W. © 2024 ieee.

关键词： Field Programmable Gate Array Image Processing Low-power Design Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory

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AI/ML Deployment at the Edge for Run-by-Run and real-time Analysis 30

AI/ML Deployment at the Edge for Run-by-Run and Real-Time An...

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30th International symposium on Semiconductor Manufacturing, ISSM 2024

作者： Vasquez, Anthony J Drake, Kyle Bramante, James Inficon Research Data Scientist Applications and Research Syracuse United States Inficon Senior Data Scientist Smart Manufacturing Syracuse United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798331510589

As semiconductor manufacturing advances to smaller technology nodes, achieving high yield demands precise, stable processes supported by advanced sensors and responsive control systems. Conventional AI/ML model deployment on a central server limits time-sensitive applications critical for real-time and run-by-run (RbR) fault detection and control (FDC). This paper introduces a system for deploying AI/ML models at the edge, integrating the low-latency Libtorch library with INFICON's FabGuard. This design facilitates real-time analysis, enhances FDC capabilities, and enables seamless integration of user-developed models without requiring additional MLOps infrastructure. We demonstrate the system's utility through two applications. First, a deep learning-based endpoint detection model processes complex multivariate sensor signals for low open area etch processes, enabling real-time detection where traditional univariate methods fail. Second, a multivariate anomaly detection model deployed at the edge interprets continuous signals from a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) for RbR interdiction. These examples highlight the system's ability to extract actionable insights from complex sensor data, enhancing yield and process reliability in semiconductor manufacturing. © 2024 ieee.

关键词： Quartz crystal microbalances

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Content-based Power-saving Design for Augmented reality applications on Mobile Devices 24

Content-based Power-saving Design for Augmented Reality Appl...

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29th ACM / ieee International symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED)

作者： Chou, Ping-Han Wei, Shih-En Lin, Chun-Han Natl Taiwan Normal Univ Dept Comp Sci & Informat Engn Taipei Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9798400706882

With the growing appeal of real-time interactions between physical views and virtual objects in augmented reality (AR) applications among contemporary users, optimizing power consumption is crucial for extending the battery life of mobile devices. This paper delves into methods for reducing power consumption specifically in mobile OLED devices when running AR applications, depending on user behaviors. Initially, we introduce a detection algorithm designed to accurately identify user status using cost-effective sensors. Subsequently, we present two dynamic configurations aimed at adjusting the display of physical views and virtual objects based on user visual attention of AR applications. The results of extensive experiments conducted on a commercial smartphone using an open-source AR application to assess the performance of the proposed power-saving design are highly promising.

关键词： augmented reality applications dynamic display configurations user visual attention power-saving methods mobile devices

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Integrating real-time Main Controller with Power Prediction Interface and State Classifier in Energy Harvesting Systems: An Approach 13

Integrating Real-Time Main Controller with Power Prediction ...

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13th Brazilian symposium on Computing Systems Engineering (SBESC)

作者： Xavier, Jozimar C. Spengler, Anderson W. Univ Fed Santa Catarina Software Hardware Integrat Lab Florianopolis SC Brazil Univ Fed Santa Catarina Software Hardware Integrat Lab Joinville SC Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9798350394108

embedded systems with energy harvesting capabilities present an intriguing solution for demanding scenarios where prolonged operation is required, and replacing or replenishing the energy storage unit with a power supply is not feasible. Therefore, effective management of both consumed and generated energy becomes crucial, given the dynamic behavior of applications utilizing such systems. Based on these scenarios, the proposed approach integrates power management and saving techniques into an embedded system that utilizes energy harvesting resources. These techniques include a strategy for executing system tasks while considering energy and time constraints, as well as the utilization of a state classifier to switch the system's overall operating mode. The approach is analyzed within a specific scenario where the embedded system functions as a sensor node, dedicated to the exploration and monitoring of oil and gas reservoirs. The results obtained from this analysis showcase the approach's promising potential in extending the system's lifetime while effectively managing the demands of hard real-time tasks.

关键词： embedded system power management energy harvesting integrating state classifier

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ILP Based Mapping for Elastic CGRAs 29

ILP Based Mapping for Elastic CGRAs

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29th ieee International Conference on embedded and real-time Computing Systems and applications, RTCSA 2023

作者： Saito, Makoto Kojima, Takuya Takase, Hideki Nakamura, Hiroshi Graduate School of Information Science and Technology The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9798350337860

In recent years, the emergence of deep learning and the need for big data analysis have created a demand for computers with high computational performance and energy efficiency. Since conventional ASICs and general-purpose CPUs cannot meet this requirement, domain-specific architectures that constrain applications are currently the focus of attention. Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Architecture (CGRA), one of the domain-specific architectures, is attracting attention because it is superior to CPUs and FPGAs in terms of computational performance and power efficiency [1]. As depicted in Fig. 1, CGRA comprises a two-dimensional array of Processing Elements (PEs) and provides flexibility to change the instructions executed on the PEs and the connections between them, depending on the software being executed. On the other hand, the mapping problem for CGRA is an NP-complete problem, and there exist tradeoffs between solution accuracy and execution time. For real time applications, it is indispensable to shorten the mapping time. Thus, in this study, we propose an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) based mapping method for Elastic CGRA that aims to shorten mapping time while preserving solution accuracy. We have also implemented and preliminary evaluated the proposed method. © 2023 ieee.

关键词： Mapping

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5G Supply Chain: An overview of applications and challenges 22

5G Supply Chain: An overview of applications and challenges

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2024 ieee 22nd World symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics, SAMI 2024

作者： Kadena, Esmeralda Rajnai, Zoltan Obuda University Bánki Donát Faculty of Mechanical and Safety Engineering Budapest Hungary

ISBN: (纸本)9798350317206

Nowadays, organizational success depends on internal efforts and how organizations can manage a global supply chain network. Due to the growing complexity of supply chains and the number of stakeholders involved, tracking products and services in real time and making quick decisions is even more critical. Therefore, a digital transformation of the supply chain network is needed. Such change can be accelerated through 5G technology focusing on communications between several sensors, devices, and machines. This article highlighted the importance of incorporating 5G technology in the supply chain, particularly emphasizing its components, management, and applications. However, implementing 5G technology in the supply chain comes with its own set of challenges that are then represented and examined. This work suggests a collaborative approach to address the challenges. © 2024 ieee.

关键词： Supply chains

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real-time Seed Detection and Germination Analysis in Precision Agriculture: A Fusion Model With U-Net and CNN on Jetson Nano

IEEE Transactions on AgriFood Electronics

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ieee Transactions on AgriFood Electronics 2023年第2期1卷 145-155页

作者： Donapati, Ramesh Reddy Cheruku, Ramalingaswamy Kodali, Prakash National Institute of Technology Warangal Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Warangal506004 India Vallurupalli Nageswara Rao Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering & Technology Dept. of Ece Hyderabad500090 India National Institute of Technology Warangal Department of Computer Science and Engineering Warangal506004 India

Precision agriculture involves the strategic utilization of resources, precise application of inputs, and continuous monitoring of crop health with the aim of enhancing productivity and sustainability in the field of agriculture. However, seed quality is difficult since natural differences among seed batches may affect germination rates, vigor, and crop performance. Hence, in this article, a novel fusion model for seed detection and germination is proposed. The proposed model combines the U-Net and CNN architectures for seed segmentation and classification, respectively. By harnessing U-Net's capabilities in image segmentation and CNN's strengths in classification, the proposed approach enables effective seed germination analysis. In addition, the model is specifically optimized for real-time processing and applications by implementing it on the NVIDIA Jetson Nano embedded GPU platform. The proposed fusion model achieved 0.91 pixel accuracy, 0.84 intersection over union, and 0.90 precision. The proposed model demonstrated excellent predictive ability when compared with the ResNet50, Inception, and LeNet. In addition, the proposed model requires less number of trainable parameters after LeNet. Further, the proposed model tested in real time and achieved 0.26 ms latency. © 2023 ieee.

关键词： Crops

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