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30th ieee real-time and embedded technology and applications symposium, RTAS 2024

作者： Soni, Aakash Scharbarg, Jean-Luc Ermont, Jerome LyRIDS ECE Research Center Paris France IRIT-ENSEEIHT Toulouse France

ISBN: (纸本)9798350358414

real-time Ethernet has become a popular solution for handling critical communication in embedded systems, partly thanks to the availability of safe worst-case traversal time analysis. These analyses scale well, but provide pessimistic upper bounds on end-To-end delays leading to over-dimensioning of the network architecture. Computing worst-case delays requires an exhaustive search over all possible scenarios that quickly leads to a combinatorial explosion. Consequently, it is limited to network configuration with less than 100 flows, far from industrial-size ones with more than 1000 flows. In this paper, we propose a hybrid approach (HA) that (1) reduces the number of scenarios to be analysed to get the worst-case delay, (2) leverages exact delays in order to tighten bounds on worst-case delays when the reduced number of scenarios is still too big to be completely analysed. On a realistic avionics case study, HA proved scalable for worst-case delay computations and reduced upper-bound pessimism by over 40%. © 2024 ieee.

关键词： embedded systems

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Compressing VAE-Based Out-of-Distribution Detectors for embedded Deployment 30

Compressing VAE-Based Out-of-Distribution Detectors for Embe...

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30th ieee International Conference on embedded and real-time Computing Systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Bansal, Aditya Yuhas, Michael Easwaran, Arvind Nanyang Technol Univ Coll Comp & Data Sci Singapore Singapore Nanyang Technol Univ Energy Res Inst NTU Interdisciplinary Grad Program Singapore Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9798350387964;9798350387957

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detectors can act as safety monitors in embedded cyber-physical systems by identifying samples outside a machine learning model's training distribution to prevent potentially unsafe actions. However, OOD detectors are often implemented using deep neural networks, which makes it difficult to meet real-time deadlines on embedded systems with memory and power constraints. We consider the class of variational autoencoder (VAE) based OOD detectors where OOD detection is performed in latent space, and apply quantization, pruning, and knowledge distillation. These techniques have been explored for other deep models, but no work has considered their combined effect on latent space OOD detection. While these techniques increase the VAE's test loss, this does not correspond to a proportional decrease in OOD detection performance and we leverage this to develop lean OOD detectors capable of real-time inference on embedded CPUs and GPUs. We propose a design methodology that combines all three compression techniques and yields a significant decrease in memory and execution time while maintaining AUROC for a given OOD detector. We demonstrate this methodology with two existing OOD detectors on a Jetson Nano and reduce GPU and CPU inference time by 20% and 28% respectively while keeping AUROC within 5% of the baseline.

关键词： Deep neural networks

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Work in Progress: Predictable Execution of Isolated real-time Tasks on Multicore Systems Using the LET Paradigm 30

Work in Progress: Predictable Execution of Isolated Real-Tim...

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30th ieee real-time and embedded technology and applications symposium, RTAS 2024

作者： Dudzik, Konstantin Kirschner, Maximilian Betancourt, Victor Pazmino Becker, Jurgen FZI Research Center for Information Technology Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350358414

An ongoing trend in the domain of embedded computing systems is the consolidation of functionality on few, high-performance platforms. This development also impacts real-time systems, where a shift to parallel architectures enables meeting the increased throughput demands. On these multicore platforms, memory contention is a central concern regarding time-predictability. Additionally, isolation between tasks is required to limit the impact of faults during run time. We propose a scratchpad memory-based approach to predictable execution that integrates runtime-based isolation mechanisms with an LET-based task model. In order to mitigate interference between cores, each core executes from a local memory, while the data transfers between the local memories and the shared main memory are incorporated into a global, static schedule. Our task execution model is based on the Logical Execution time (LET) paradigm, which we extend to include explicitly scheduled data transfers similar to the Predictable Execution Model (PREM). The implementation and evaluation of our approach is ongoing and will be evaluated on a custom RISe-'v, based multicore platform. This novel approach allows for consolidating hard real-time tasks with high demands for functional safety onto a single platform. © 2024 ieee.

关键词： real time systems

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Container System and Communication Reactivity in a real-time embedded Environment 26

Container System and Communication Reactivity in a Real-Time...

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26th ieee International symposium on real-time Distributed Computing (ISORC)

作者： Rosinski, Wilhelm Stahlbock, Lukas Langer, Falk Univ Appl Sci Dept Engn Mittweida Germany IAV GmbH Ingenieurgesellschaft Auto & Verkehr Berlin Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350339024

In the field of embedded systems, containers are often understood as an additional burden and would also affect their reactivity. With respect to this assumption, we provide measurement results that strongly support the use of containers for real-time applications. This work examines the use of docker containers in systems, that must work under hard deadlines, in terms of their reactivity related to timer events and external signals. For this purpose, measurements for time-critical handling of interrupts and events are performed directly on an embedded platform, which made it necessary to develop a corresponding novel measuring method. Finally, we were able to determine that the same requirements for the reactivity of an embedded system could be met in a docker container if they could also be ensured for applications native on the host system.

关键词： Measurements real-time and embedded systems Containers

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A Compact real-time Thermal Imaging System Based on Heterogeneous System-on-Chip 30

A Compact Real-Time Thermal Imaging System Based on Heteroge...

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30th ieee International Conference on embedded and real-time Computing Systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Oh, Hyun Woo Choi, Cheol-Ho Cha, Jeong Woo Choi, Hyunmin Shin, Jung-Ho Han, Joon Hwan Hanwha Syst Infra Technol R&D Ctr Seongnam South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9798350387964;9798350387957

This paper presents a real-time embedded thermal imaging system architecture for compact, energy-efficient, high-quality imaging utilizing heterogeneous system-on-chip (SoC) and uncooled infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPAs). Unlike previous systems that organized separate devices for complex image processing, our system provides integrated image processing support for robust sensor-to-surveillance. The image processing organizes two algorithm stacks: a non-uniformity correction stack to mitigate the distinctive noise vulnerabilities of uncooled IRFPAs, and an image enhancement stack including contrast enhancement and temporal noise filters. We optimized these algorithms for domain-specific factors, including asymmetric multiprocessing (AMP), cache organization, single instruction multiple data (SIMD) instructions, and very long instruction word (VLIW) architectures. The implementation on the TI TDA3x SoC demonstrates that our system can process 640x480, 60 frames per second (FPS) videos at a peak core load of 57.5% while consuming power less than 2.2 W for the entire system, denoting the possibility of processing the 1280x1024, 30 FPS videos from the cutting-edge uncooled IRFPAs. Additionally, our system improves power efficiency by 9.42% and 9.96% at 30 and 60 FPS, respectively, compared to the state-of-the-art when executing similar image processing algorithms.

关键词： Thermal Imaging Image Processing Heterogeneous Computing SIMD real-time embedded Systems

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A Novel embedded System for real-time Fault Diagnosis of Photovoltaic Modules

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ieee JOURNAL OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 2024年第2期14卷 354-362页

作者： Ksira, Zakaria Mellit, Adel Blasuttigh, Nicola Pavan, Alessandro Massi Univ Jijel Jijel 18000 Algeria Univ Trieste Dept Engn & Architecture I-34127 Trieste Italy Univ Trieste Ctr Energy Environm & Transport Giacomo Ciamician I-34127 Trieste Italy

In this article, a novel embedded low-cost system for real-time fault diagnosis of photovoltaic (PV) modules is proposed. The idea aims to develop an embedded application to classify certain defects that can frequently occur on PV modules based on infrared (IR) images in different regions (desert and Mediterranean climates). The investigated faults are sand accumulation, dirt on PV modules, degradation, and junction box overheating. After several inspections, these are the most commonly observed defects on PV modules in both regions (south and north of Algeria). A tiny convolutional neural network (TinyCNN) was developed, optimized, and integrated into a low-cost and low-power microcontroller (Arduino Nano 33 BLE sense). In this regard, a database of IR thermography images was built and used. The developed TinyCNN-based model could be run locally, without the need to send the data to the cloud for analysis and processing. Another microcontroller [Arduino Nano 33 Internet of Things (IoT)] was used to remotely monitor the state of the PV modules. Thanks to IoT technology, the results have been visualized and posted online on a dedicated monitoring webpage. The proposed embedded solution could be integrated into an unmanned aerial vehicle for real-time applications. Furthermore, it assists operators in diagnosing their PV modules and making a maintenance schedule. The proposed technique outperforms the existing solutions in terms of cost, consuming power, simplicity, and execution time. Simulation and experimental results clearly report the feasibility of the proposed embedded system, which has an average cost of around 120 US dollars.

关键词： Inspection Microcontrollers Cameras Visualization real-time systems Databases Costs embedded machine learning (EML) fault diagnosis infrared (IR) images Internet of Things (IoT) photovoltaic (PV) modules TinyCNN

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embedded real-time analogue NeoPixel clock 23

Embedded real-time analogue NeoPixel clock

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23rd International symposium INFOTEH-JAHORINA (INFOTEH)

作者： Mujic, Mehmed Cogo, Ehlimana Besic, Ingmar Univ Sarajevo Fac Elect Engn Dept Comp Sci & Informat Sarajevo Bosnia & Herceg

ISBN: (纸本)9798350329940;9798350307368

embedded real-time clock systems have a large number of applications in practice. The main issue is the accuracy of time they show, which is why performing time synchronization is very important for their usability and reliability. This paper proposes an embedded real-time analogue clock that uses an AdaFruit NeoPixel LED ring for visualizing current time. Three different colors are used for showing hour, minute and second values, whereas different levels of brightness are used for describing accurate values of time to the level of milliseconds. An Ethernet LAN module is used for performing time synchronization via a remote NTP server. Dynamic synchronization interval change is used for removing the effect of the microcontroller clock error on the accuracy of the shown time. After being put to use, the system was able to perform multiple functions successfully, including the conveying of information to the user when the clock is out of sync.

关键词： real time clock embedded systems network time protocol time synchronization

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InsectACIDE: Debugger-Based Holistic Asynchronous CFI for embedded System 30

InsectACIDE: Debugger-Based Holistic Asynchronous CFI for Em...

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30th ieee real-time and embedded technology and applications symposium, RTAS 2024

作者： Wang, Yujie Mack, Cailani Lemieux Tan, Xi Zhang, Ning Zhao, Ziming Baruah, Sanjoy Ward, Bryan C. Washington University in St. Louis United States Vanderbilt University United States University at Buffalo United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798350358414

real-time and embedded systems are predominantly written in C, a language that is notoriously not memory safe. This has led to widespread memory-corruption vulnerabilities in real-time embedded cyber-physical systems (CPS). This is concerning, as such devices are becoming increasingly networked with the Internet of Things (IoT) and other communication technologies (e.g., 5G), rendering them vulnerable to remote attacks. Attackers have demonstrated how memory-corruption vulnerabilities can be used to hijack program control flow to implement arbitrary attacker-controlled logic. One class of defenses that has been developed to prevent such attacks is called control-flow integrity (CFI), which applies checks at control-flow transitions to ensure the target is valid. Unfortunately, attackers have shown how to divert control flow to seemingly valid targets in an invalid and malicious sequence. This paper presents InsectACIDE, the first holistic CFI for embedded and real-time systems that does not require binary instrumentation and that is context sensitive, i.e., it checks that the sequence of control-flow transitions taken is valid, not just individual transitions, thereby detecting such attacks. InsectACIDE is implemented on an embedded Cortex-M processor using the TrustZone trusted execution environment, and holistic context-sensitive CFI is enforced for both applications and the kernel. InsectACIDE uses hardware debugging features on the Cortex-M processor and therefore does not require any kernel or application binary modification. Experimental results show that InsectACIDE incurs significantly less runtime overhead compared to the state-of-The-Art holistic CFI solution. real-time schedulability analysis is presented, along with a schedulability evaluation, to demonstrate the tradeoff between stronger protection and real-time schedulability. © 2024 ieee.

关键词： embedded systems

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Edge-Cloud Collaborative UAV Object Detection: Edge-embedded Lightweight Algorithm Design and Task Offloading Using Fuzzy Neural Network

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ieee TRANSACTIONS ON CLOUD COMPUTING 2024年第1期12卷 306-318页

作者： Yuan, Yazhou Gao, Shicong Zhang, Ziteng Wang, Wenye Xu, Zhezhuang Liu, Zhixin Yanshan Univ Inst Elect Engn Qinhuangdao 066004 Peoples R China Fuzhou Univ Sch Elect Engn & Automat Fuzhou 350000 Peoples R China

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology, AI-based UAVs are increasingly utilized in various industrial and civilian applications. This paper presents a distributed Edge-Cloud collaborative framework for UAV object detection, aiming to achieve real-time and accurate detection of ground moving targets. The framework incorporates an Edge-embedded Lightweight (${{\text{E}}<^>embedded}\text{L}$E2L) object algorithm with an attention mechanism, enabling real-time object detection on edge-side embedded devices while maintaining high accuracy. Additionally, a decision-making mechanism based on fuzzy neural network facilitates adaptive task allocation between the edge-side and cloud-side. Experimental results demonstrate the improved running rate of the proposed algorithm compared to YOLOv4 on the edge-side NVIDIA Jetson Xavier NX, and the superior performance of the distributed Edge-Cloud collaborative framework over traditional edge computing or cloud computing algorithms in terms of speed and accuracy

关键词： Object detection Image edge detection Autonomous aerial vehicles Task analysis Cloud computing real-time systems Collaboration Attention mechanism edge-cloud collaborative fuzzy neural network object detection UAV YOLOv4

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Minimal Partitioning Kernel with time Protection and Predictability 9

Minimal Partitioning Kernel with Time Protection and Predict...

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9th ieee European symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS and P)

作者： Karlsson, Henrik A. KTH Royal Inst Technol Stockholm Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)9798350367324;9798350367294

We assess the effectiveness of the temporal fence instruction, introduced by Wistoff et al. (2023), primarily in enhancing both security and timing predictability for embedded systems. Originally demonstrated to eliminate microarchitectural side-channels by flushing the on-core microarchitectural state using the seL4 kernel, we extend the evaluation of the temporal fence to a minimal kernel using RISC-V's PMP to protect applications, examining its implications for both security and safety. Our experiments demonstrate that by using scratchpad memory and the temporal fence, we can improve the security and time predictability of applications on both embedded and application-level processors. Furthermore, we find that the performance overhead introduced by the temporal fence remains within acceptable limits for hard real-time systems, which demonstrates the temporal fence's potential in securing applications against side-channel attacks while enhancing system reliability.

关键词： constrained devices embedded devices mpu safety security separation kernel spatial partitioning tee temporal partitioning time protection

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