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30th ieee International symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE)

作者： Zhou, Yuanbin Samii, Soheil Eles, Petru Peng, Zebo Linkoping Univ Embedded Syst Lab ESLAB Linkoping Sweden Gen Motors R&D Warren MI USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781665403863

Due to their real-time constraints and high predictability requirements, safety-critical automotive applications are often implemented using time-triggered communication scheduling, which is supported in the time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards. applications and network communications are assigned Automotive Safety Integrity Levels (ASILs) based on the ISO 26262 standard for functional safety in automotive systems. ISO 26262 outlines, for each ASIL, requirements on coverage of random hardware errors and systematic errors. Prior research has addressed routing and scheduling for time-triggered messages in TSN in the context of random hardware errors and optimization of reliability metrics. However, no work to date has considered the functional safety aspects of addressing systematic errors. Specific to systematic errors, the ISO 26262 standard defines ASIL decomposition as a vehicle to decompose functions into independent components, each with a lower safety requirement than that of the original function. Since the cost of a component is increasing with its ASIL, decomposition can lower the total cost while still meeting the original safety requirements. In this paper, we propose an ASIL decomposition based technique to introduce redundant communication with lower-ASIL components in Ethernet systems with TSN-based time-triggered communication. The ASIL-aware routing and scheduling of messages are determined such that all safety requirements and end-to-end deadlines are satisfied and, at the same time, the total cost of the employed switches is minimized. Extensive experiments have been conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed framework.

关键词： Systematics Network topology ISO Standards Routing Hardware real-time systems Safety

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Blue Danube: A Large-Scale, End-to-End Synchronous, Distributed Data Stream Processing Architecture for time-Sensitive applications 26

Blue Danube: A Large-Scale, End-to-End Synchronous, Distribu...

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26th ieee/ACM International symposium on Distributed Simulation and real time applications (DS-RT)

作者： Michael, Panayiotis A. Tsanakas, Panayiotis D. Parker, D. S. Univ Calif Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90024 USA Natl Tech Univ Athens Athens Greece Natl Tech Univ Athens Elect Engn Comp Engn Dept Athens Greece Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Comp Sci Los Angeles CA 90024 USA

ISBN: (数字)9781665497992

ISBN: (纸本)9781665497992

An extensive list of time-sensitive applications requiring ultra-low latency ranging from a few microseconds to a few milliseconds are presented in recent publications and ieee standards. time-sensitive applications, include industrial, critical healthcare and transportation applications as also applications for Smart Grids and the Internet of Vehicles -- one of the most active research fields of Intelligent Transportation Systems of Smart Cities. In this work, we mainly set our focus on the suite of safety applications which attracts strong interest from the research community, as it aims to avoid road accidents and save lives. The ieee time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) set of standards specifies fundamental real-time characteristics. Nevertheless, as TSN works on Data Link layer (Layer 2 of the OSI model) the benefits of these characteristics fade away when other layers are crossed from the Application layer (Layer 7). Indicatively, recent research works report latencies on the order of tens of seconds when benchmarking Data Stream Processing and IoT platforms, and thus they are not suited for time-critical applications. Such platforms mainly use loosely coupled components with asynchronous communication. On Application layer, we propose a novel End-to-End Synchronous, Distributed Architecture for Large-Scale, High-Bandwidth, Ultra-Low Latency Data Stream Processing. Through our Big Data Stream analysis experiments (4.7 Gbit/s total average aggregated throughput, 1 Terabyte in-memory distributed database, 4 milliseconds average query latency) we have demonstrated the suitability of our architecture for time-sensitive applications such as accident avoidance for the Internet of Vehicles.

关键词： synchronous data stream processing end-to-end synchronous time-sensitive applications time-critical applications ultra-low latency Internet-of-Things Intelligent Transportation Systems Internet of Vehicles Smart Cities

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A Review on Hyperdimensional Computing

A Review on Hyperdimensional Computing

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2023 International Conference on Microelectronics, ICM 2023

作者： Abdulrahman, Maram Wasif, Sandy Wael, Miran Azab, Eman Mashaly, Maggie Ghany, Mohamed A. Abd El German University in Cairo Media Engineering and Technology Department Egypt German University in Cairo Electronics Engineering Department Egypt Faculty of Information Engineering and Technology German University Cairo Egypt Tu Darmstadt Darmstadt Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350380828

Today, machine learning algorithms play a crucial role in analyzing data from interconnected Internet of Things (IoT) devices. With the rise of the Internet of things also known as IoT, numerous applications use machine learning algorithms to perform cognitive tasks. It has enabled a plethora of applications including personalized medical treatments, accurate face detection, self-driving cars, language detection, image recognition and even more applications. However, these algorithms often pose challenges when it comes to real-time learning on resource-constrained IoT devices. They require a lot of computational resources such as power and memory which makes them difficult to use on today's real-life embedded devices. To address these issues, a new computing paradigm called Hyperdimensional computing (HDC) has emerged. Utilizing HD vectors, known as ''hypervectors,' offers a brain-inspired alternative to conventional numerical computing. The basic HDC pipeline consists of encoding, training and inference stages. Nevertheless, the use of existing HDC solutions on today's real-life embedded devices imposes complex constraints on the overall design. In this paper, challenges faced when using HDC on low-power embedded devices are discussed. Contributions in this area are surveyed on encoding, training and inference methods along with benchmarking metrics and applications in HD classification. The surveyed work provides a comprehensive overview of existing real-time HDC architectures and gives insight into future promising research points in this field. © 2023 ieee.

关键词： Internet of things

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Timing Analysis of Asynchronized Distributed Cause-Effect Chains 27

Timing Analysis of Asynchronized Distributed Cause-Effect Ch...

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30th ieee International symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE)

作者： Gunzel, Mario Chen, Kuan-Hsun Ueter, Niklas von der Brueggen, Georg Duerr, Marco Chen, Jian-Jia Tech Univ Dortmund Dept Comp Sci Dortmund Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781665403863

real-time systems require the formal guarantee of timing-constraints, not only for the individual tasks but also for the data-propagation paths. A cause-effect chain describes the data flow among multiple tasks, e.g., from sensors to actuators, independent from the priority order of the tasks. In this paper, we provide an end-to-end timing-analysis for cause-effect chains on asynchronized distributed systems with periodic task activations, considering the maximum reaction time (duration of data processing) and the maximum data age (worst-case data freshness). On one local electronic control unit (ECU), we present how to compute the exact local (worst-case) end-to-end latencies when the execution time of the periodic tasks is fixed. We further extend our analysis to globally asynchronized systems by combining the local results. Throughout synthesized data based on an automotive benchmark as well as on randomized parameters, we show that our analytical results improve the state-of-the-art for periodic task activations.

关键词： real-time Systems embedded Control Systems Cause-effect Chains End-to-end Timing Analysis Distributed Systems

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A 0.36nW, 820μm2, 32kHz Conduction-Angle-Adaptive Crystal Oscillator in 28nm CMOS for real-time Clock applications 72

A 0.36nW, 820μm2, 32kHz Conduction-Angle-Adaptive Crystal O...

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72nd ieee International Solid-State Circuits Conference, ISSCC 2025

作者： Wang, Peng Wang, Manyu Dai, Guangnan Cao, Yujia Pan, Sining Zhang, Yihan Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong Tsinghua University Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9798331541019

32.768kHz (32kHz) crystal oscillators (XOs) are widely used in real-time clocks (RTC) embedded in various electronic systems. Their performance is critical in battery-powered Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensor nodes when serving as wake-up timers. Extending the battery life requires an ultra-low-power (ULP) XO, as it must stay always-on. It also requires good frequency stability;otherwise, the system has to extend its communication guard times for synchronization, in which power-hungry transceivers need to stay active, leading to extra waste in power [1]. These demands have motivated much recent research to seek alternatives to the classic inverter-based Pierce oscillator, which is simple in design but typically consumes 10 to 100nW of power [2-5]. Pulse-injection XOs (PIXOs) are popular due to their sub-nW power consumption. Their power reduction comes from using a tiny conduction angle in the form of short pulses for Class-C-like operations. However, positioning current injections to the optimum timing typically requires generating an accurate delay, making pulse generators area-consuming [6-10]. Moreover, these methods cannot initiate the oscillation, as the zero-crossing instants, which are the starting times of the delay, are only available once an oscillation is present. These PIXOs, hence, need to embed separate start-up circuits to build up the initial oscillation, necessitating extra control logic and facing robustness challenges under accidental but strong interferences. A compact and easy-to-use ULP XO remains in demand from the cost-sensitive IoT market. © 2025 ieee.

关键词： Crystal oscillators

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Guest Editorial: Special Issue on Affective Speech and Language Synthesis, Generation, and Conversion

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ieee TRANSACTIONS ON AFFECTIVE COMPUTING 2023年第1期14卷 3-5页

作者： Amiriparian, Shahin Schuller, Bjoern W. Asghar, Nabiha Zen, Heiga Burkhardt, Felix Univ Augsburg Embedded Intelligence Hlth Care & Wellbeing D-86159 Augsburg Germany Imperial Coll London GLAM Grp Language Audio & Music London SW7 2BX England Microsoft Redmond WA 98052 USA Google Res Tokyo 1050004 Japan Tech Univ Berlin Speech Commun D-10623 Berlin Germany audEERING GmbH D-82205 Gilching Germany

The papers in this special section focus on affective speech and language synthesis, generation, and conversion. As an inseparable and crucial part of spoken language, emotions play a substantial role in human-human and human-technology conversation. They convey information about a person's needs, how one feels about the objectives of a conversation, the trustworthiness of one's verbal communication, and more. Accordingly, substantial efforts have been made to generate affective text and speech for conversational AI, artificial storytelling, and machine translation. Similarly, there is a push for converting the affect in text and speech, ideally, in real-time and fully preserving intelligibility, e. g., to hide one's emotion, for creative applications and in entertainment, or even to augment training data for affect analyzing AI.

关键词： Special issues and sections Affective computing Speech recognition Oral communication Emotion recognition real-time systems Natural language processing Human computer interaction Artificial intelligence Trust computing Training data Emotion synthesis emotion conversion human-AI interaction empathic AI affective computing

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Energy-Harvesting-Aware Adaptive Inference of Deep Neural Networks in embedded Systems

Energy-Harvesting-Aware Adaptive Inference of Deep Neural Ne...

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ieee/ACM International symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED)

作者： Park, Gwanjong Khan, Osama Seo, Euiseong Sungkyunkwan Univ Suwon South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9798350311754

In energy harvesting IoT and sensor devices, energy influx is continuously changing and difficult to predict. Recently, the use of deep neural networks (DNNs), which consumes a large amount of energy, has increased in such devices. If a lightweight DNN model is used anticipating low energy influx, it may not achieve satisfactory inference accuracy in the ample energy flow condition. Conversely, using highly accurate sophisticated models may result in frequent inference failures due to energy depletion in situations with low energy influx. In this paper, for energy harvesting embedded systems that periodically perform DNN inference on sensor inputs, we propose an energy-harvestingaware adaptive inference scheme to maximize inference accuracy while minimizing inference failures due to energy depletion in the long term. The model selector in the proposed scheme, which is a reinforcement learning (RL) agent, selects a DNN model from a model pool in consideration of the energy harvesting state and the accuracy and energy requirement of each model in the model pool. We implemented the proposed scheme on a microcontroller system and evaluated it with six different DNN applications with various types of input data. In the energy harvesting simulation with the real-world solar power traces, our approach, on average across the six workloads, was able to achieve a 65.62% reduction in inference failure rate with only a 6.08% increase in average error rate compared to the base DNN models.

关键词： Energy harvesting

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Energy Efficient Delay-Aware Design for MEC-enabled DT-Assisted Air-Ground Network 35

Energy Efficient Delay-Aware Design for MEC-enabled DT-Assis...

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35th ieee International symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC 2024

作者： Hevesli, Muhammet Seid, Abegaz Mohammed Erbad, Aiman Abdallah, Mohamed Hamad Bin Khalifa University Division of Information and Computing Technology College of Science and Engineering Doha Qatar

ISBN: (纸本)9798350362244

Digital Twin-Edge Network (DTEN) architecture is emerging as a critical component in the landscape of 6G networks, offering the promise of real-time data processing, system simulation, and edge-cloud computing. The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and high-altitude platform systems (HAPS) within these architectures further adds to the complexity and capabilities, particularly in time-sensitive scenarios. The study of delay-sensitive queue-aware task offloading of real-time applications in such intricate dynamic energy-constrained networks remains nascent. This paper aims to bridge this gap by exploring optimizing IoT device association, offloading decisions, and resource allocation to maximize energy efficiency (EE) in an Air-to-Ground DTEN (A2G-DTEN). Our primary objective is to maximize the EE of the network while adhering to constraints related to queuing delays, maximum permissible task latency, and computing capabilities of edge servers. We proposed a comprehensive problem formulation and offered solutions leveraging a deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) based algorithm with two other baselines. The numerical results show that our proposed DDPG-based algorithm achieves high EE despite the strict task delay constraints. © 2024 ieee.

关键词： Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)

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Scalable embedded Multi-Die Active Bridge (S-EMAB) Chips with Integrated LDOs for Low-Cost Programmable 2.5D/3.5D Packaging technology

Scalable Embedded Multi-Die Active Bridge (S-EMAB) Chips wit...

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2024 ieee symposium on VLSI technology and Circuits, VLSI technology and Circuits 2024

作者： Lu, Wei Zhang, Jie Wei, Yi-Hui Hsiao, Hsu-Ming Li, Sih-Han Hsu, Chao-Kai Hsiao, Chih-Cheng Lo, Feng-Hsiang Sheu, Shyh-Shyuan Wang, Chin-Hung Lo, Wei-Chung Chang, Shih-Chieh Chen, Hung-Ming Chen, Kuan-Neng Huang, Po-Tsang National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan Industrial Technology Research Institute Electronic and Optoelectronic System Research Laboratories Hsinchu Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9798350361469

For realizing low-cost miniaturized 2.5D/3.5D integration, this paper presents scalable embedded multi-die active bridge (S-EMAB) chips with integrated LDOs to provide on-demand I/O routing capability and in-package voltage regulation among multiple dies or chiplets. Each S-EMAB chip is a programmable bridge and implemented by an I/O array and MUX I/Os to support various transmission interfaces. The data rate of I/O array are from 50Mbps to 1Gbps, and MUX I/Os can reach to 8Gbps. Moreover, the number of programmable I/O links can be scaled up by connecting multiple S-EMAB chips in a daisy chain without extra control pins. In addition to miniaturization, LDOs are further integrated in S-EMAB chips to eliminate external LDOs. The proposed work is a fast time-to-market, low-cost, flexible, and miniaturized 3.5D integration solution for various IoT applications. © 2024 ieee.

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Roddy: Rod Elasticity Incorporated into a Robot Manipulator for Rigid Tool Use around Rigid Environment

Roddy: Rod Elasticity Incorporated into a Robot Manipulator ...

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2025 ieee/SICE International symposium on System Integration, SII 2025

作者： Tokuyama, Terumi Mochiyama, Hiromi University of Tsukuba FlexibleRobotics Laboratory 1-1-1 Tennoudai Ibaraki Tsukuba305-8573 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9798331531614

In order to enhance the capability of soft robot manipulator, we propose Roddy, a new type of soft robot system for manipulating a "rigid"tool softly. In Roddy, an elastic rod with a 6-axis force sensor is inserted in series between a rigid tool and a rigid robot manipulator. By utilizing the real-time shape estimation technology, Roddy can recognize the rigid tool position/orientation relative to a rigid environment with high accuracy and precision. Due to high compliance of Roddy, we can achieve accurate calibration of the manipulator tool relative to the environmental flat plane. Moreover, we can also achieve to map the location of obstacles on a plane by exploratory collisions. Based on this obstacle mapping algorithm, we demonstrate that Roddy can safely achieve quick scooping tasks where the rigid tool of the robot manipulator is continuously contact with the environmental rigid plane. © 2025 ieee.

关键词： Robot applications

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