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Improving NVM Lifetime Using Task Stack Migration on Low-End MCU-Based Devices

ieee ACCESS 2022年 10卷 125319-125333页

作者： Lee, Jeongmin Jang, Moonseok Wang, Kexin Song, Inyeong Jeong, Hyeonggyu Jeong, Jinwoo Song, Yong Ho Choi, Jungwook Hanyang Univ Dept Elect Engn Seoul 04763 South Korea Samsung Elect Hwaseong South Korea

Tiny embedded devices are cost and energy-sensitive, and high-density emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) can help reduce energy consumption at a fraction of the cost. However, high-density NVM has low write endurance compared to volatile memory, so it is vulnerable to write concentration. Most NVM lifetime improvement studies in the existing embedded environment have distributed writes by modifying the mapping relationship between physical and logical addresses. However, applying the existing wear leveling techniques in low-end MCUs such as ARM Cortex M3/M4 that use only physical addresses is hard. Therefore, we wear-level the write-heavy stack area to improve the NVM lifetime in low-end MCUs. However, since the stack of bare metal applications is difficult to move during runtime, we implement the migration function targeting the task stack of FreeRTOS. The task stack moves based on time, and to avoid the pointer validation problem caused by the movement of the task stack, we migrate the stack under safe conditions. In addition, FreeRTOS uses a single heap to preferentially allocate to low free space, which reduces the degree of freedom where the stack moves, reducing the effect of distributing the writes. To alleviate this problem, we add another heap for the stack migration and introduce circular dynamic allocation in the heap. Through our experiments, the proposed method was about 19.6% larger than the ideal case of maximum write, and the computational overhead was about 0.2%.

关键词： embedded software memory management nonvolatile memory real-time systems

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Lightweight security Mechanism for IoT applications using Substitution-Box 4

Lightweight security Mechanism for IoT Applications using Su...

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4th ieee International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Cybersecurity, ICAIC 2025

作者： Hanif, Fozia Shams, Rehan Waheed, Urooj University of Karachi Department of Mathematics Karachi Pakistan Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology Karachi Department of Telecommunication Pakistan DHA Suffa University Karachi Department of Computer Science Pakistan

ISBN: (纸本)9798331518882

In recent times the use of small computing devices for gathering information from the real world is increasing day by day. The devices like wireless sensors, RIFD tags, embedded devices and IoT devices are required to transmit huge amounts of confidential data for monitoring and controlling. IoT applications have now become an important factor across various industries. That is why the security of IoT device is always been an important issue, because they transmit private and sensitive data. For handling the security issue cryptography is one the way for handling the security issues of IoT devices but sometimes cryptographic algorithms are cracked and as well as very costly. Lightweight cryptography requires less memory and less computational cost. Substitution box is a very useful concept in generating the lightweight cryptographic algorithm that provide robust security in the process of encryption. This study produces lightweight cryptographic encryption and decryption algorithm with the help of substitution boxes. The provided scheme not only provides the encryption procedure but also generating a flexible key structure which enhances the security for IoT devices where lightweight image encryption is crucial. The provided technique will be beneficial for those places where confidential public data has to be secured. The aim of this paper is to recommend effective original and straightforward techniques of encryption and decryption by using the substitution box. Experimental results show the efficiency of the suggested technique in terms of execution time and throughput. © 2025 ieee.

关键词： Encryption algorithms

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Lightweight Attention Network Based on Fuzzy Logic for Person Re-Identification

Lightweight Attention Network Based on Fuzzy Logic for Perso...

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2024 International Conference on Fuzzy Theory and Its applications, iFUZZY 2024

作者： Yuan, Changmei Liu, Xuanxuan Guo, Li Chen, Long Chen, C.L. Philip College of Computer Science & Technology Qingdao University Qingdao China University of Macau Faculty of Science and Technology Macau China South University of Technology China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350352788

Person re-identification (Re-ID) is an important research field in computer vision and pedestrian detection. However, there are many complex and highly uncertain factors in the real world, such as occlusion, appearance similarity, and motion blur. These factors pose serious challenges to obtaining accurate and robust feature representation. In order to deploy person Re-Idalgorithms on mobile devices and other terminal systems, it is necessary to consider both model complexity and recognition accuracy. To address these uncertainties and enhance the real-time detection accuracy of person Re-ID, we propose a lightweight attention network based on fuzzy logic (FLA-Net). In the backbone network, a pair of complementary attention mechanisms are embedded to capture the discriminative features of pedestrians. Additionally, fuzzy logic is introduced into the attention module to re-weight the feature maps, optimizing the accuracy and robustness of feature representation by adjusting the fuzzy membership degree of pixel values in local regions. Finally, we employ the local horizontal pooling operation to extract fine-grained information from the network, facilitating the capture of discriminative pedestrian features. Experimental analysis of the public datasets Market1501 and DukeMTMC-reID demonstrates that FLA-Net is superior to the state-of-the-art lightweight person Re-Idmethods. © 2024 ieee.

关键词： Computer circuits

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A LIDAR/INS SLAM Method Based on the PHD Filter

A LIDAR/INS SLAM Method Based on the PHD Filter

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2024 International Conference on DGON Inertial Sensors and applications, ISA 2024

作者： Zhang, Z. Zhang, T. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro Inertial Instrument and Navigation Technology Nanjing210096 China Southeast University School of Instrument Science and Engineering Nanjing210096 China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350387513

To address the issue of significant localization errors in single-system SLAM under challenging environments characterized by feature degradation, lack of loop closures, and GPS denial, a LiDAR/INS integrated localization method based on the PHD filter is proposed in this paper. First, the method integrates the inertial navigation system (INS) with LiDAR SLAM and enhances the system's ability to handle complex data association problems through the PHD-SLAM framework. Second, a fusion strategy based on the cardinal-distance method is introduced to achieve tight coupling between INS and LiDAR SLAM, thereby improving the localization accuracy and real-time performance of PHD-SLAM. Additionally, throughout the entire localization process, the LiDAR SLAM system continuously compensates for the INS estimates from adjacent frames to reduce accumulated errors. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that, compared to other methods, the proposed approach significantly improves localization accuracy and real-time performance. Thus, this method can effectively maintain high localization accuracy in feature-degraded environments. © 2024 ieee.

关键词： Optical radar

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Autonomous Navigation in Dynamic Human Environments with an embedded 2D LiDAR-based Person Tracker

Autonomous Navigation in Dynamic Human Environments with an ...

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ieee Sensors applications symposium, SAS

作者： Davide Plozza Steven Marty Cyril Scherrer Simon Schwartz Stefan Zihlmann Michele Magno Dept. of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering ETH Zurich Switzerland

ISBN: (数字)9798350369250

ISBN: (纸本)9798350369267

In the rapidly evolving landscape of autonomous mobile robots, the emphasis on seamless human-robot interactions has shifted towards autonomous decision-making. This paper delves into the intricate challenges associated with robotic auton-omy, focusing on navigation in dynamic environments shared with humans. It introduces an embedded real-time tracking pipeline, integrated into a navigation planning framework for effective person tracking and avoidance, adapting a state-of-the-art 2D LiDAR-based human detection network and an efficient multi-object tracker. By addressing the key components of detection, tracking, and planning separately, the proposed approach high-lights the modularity and transferability of each component to other applications. Our tracking approach is validated on a quadruped robot equipped with 270°2D-LiDAR against motion capture system data, with the preferred configuration achieving an average MOTA of 85.45% in three newly recorded datasets, while reliably running in real-time at 20 Hz on the NVIDIA Jetson Xavier NX embedded GPU-accelerated platform. Furthermore, the integrated tracking and avoidance system is evaluated in real-world navigation experiments, demonstrating how accurate person tracking benefits the planner in optimizing the generated trajectories, enhancing its collision avoidance capabilities. This paper contributes to safer human-robot cohabitation, blending recent advances in human detection with responsive planning to navigate shared spaces effectively and securely.

关键词： Navigation Tracking Pipelines Benchmark testing real-time systems Planning Trajectory

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2023 ieee 29th International symposium for Design and technology in Electronic Packaging, SIITME 2023 - Conference Proceedings

2023 IEEE 29th International Symposium for Design and Techno...

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29th ieee International symposium for Design and technology in Electronic Packaging, SIITME 2023

ISBN: (纸本)9798350344110

The proceedings contain 75 papers. The topics discussed include: increasing data transmission reliability using pseudo-spread-spectrum short-range radio networks;data switch in long line 1-wire networks for monitoring system of large sensor arrays;real-time data analysis using industrial sensors;IoT system for vine disease monitoring;electrochemical corrosion assessment of low-Ag SAC lead-free solder alloys;design of a temperature controller for an oven;electronic hive management system for a beekeeping vehicle;design of a laboratory platform for buck-boost converter characterization;thermocouple fabrics for energy harvesting in smart textiles – applications and prototype;speed control model of DC motor based on a parameter investigation prototype;and improving the properties of conducting polymers in self-doping variant.

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Secure Energy-Efficient Implementation of CNN on FPGAs for Accuracy Dependent real time Task Processing

Secure Energy-Efficient Implementation of CNN on FPGAs for A...

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ieee Computer Society Annual symposium on VLSI

作者： Krishnendu Guha Amlan Chakrabarti School of Computer Science and Information Technology University College Cork Ireland A. K. Choudhury School of Information Technology University of Calcutta India

ISBN: (数字)9798350354119

ISBN: (纸本)9798350354126

A key objective of the fourth industrial revolution or Industry 4.0 is to use processing resources that are reconfigurable and flexible, having additional capability to run smart real time intelligent applications in short time. For this, designers deploy reconfigurable hardware or field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) in several critical infrastructures, along with cloud and edge platforms. Among the commonly used artificial neural networks, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) is one of the most widely used for various smart applications. Existing strategies of CNN implementation on FPGAs incur significant resources and power, and hence, are not energy efficient. These are even prone to side channel attacks. Moreover, they are associated with prunning and hence, do not generate accurate results, which are important for some real time applications. In our proposed methodology, we pre-compute various operations, mainly operations associated with secret information, which in the present case are weights and bias of the CNN for a particular application and store in available embedded memory blocks (EMBs) of an FPGA. On demand, these pre-computed results are accessed for real time operations. Via this methodology, we eradicate the side channel attacks that steals the weights and biases, obtain low resource utilization, low latency, low power and better energy efficiency, without any loss of accuracy. Such a mechanism is particularly suitable for high accuracy real time smart intelligent applications.

关键词： Accuracy Side-channel attacks Very large scale integration Throughput real-time systems Energy efficiency Fourth Industrial Revolution

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Development of Low-Cost Temperature and Relative Humidity Remote Monitoring System

Development of Low-Cost Temperature and Relative Humidity Re...

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2023 ieee Region 10 symposium, TENSYMP 2023

作者： Deshmukh, Payal Pawar, Ganesh Deshmukh, Niranjan Garde, Chandrashekhar Deshmukh, Minal Raut, Ketan Prabhu, Shriganesh Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Pune India Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering Pune India Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences Pune India Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Department of Condensed Matter Physics Mumbai India

ISBN: (纸本)9781665482585

Temperature and relative humidity measurement is a versatile tool with numerous applications across various fields, including meteorology, agriculture, industrial processes, building management, and testing. Temperature and relative humidity measurements are useful for leakage testing in various applications, ensuring the safety and quality of products, and optimizing process efficiency. To this end, a cost-effective remote temperature and relative humidity monitoring system has been developed, utilizing industrial-grade sensors to measure these parameters. The data from three sensors is collected through a Data acquisition system using a Node Microcontroller Unit (NodeMCU) module and I2C multiplexer, and real-time data is upload to Google Sheets which enables remote monitoring. The paper outlines the system's design and implementation on a cable feed-through connector for water leakage testing, examines the feasibility of data monitoring, and presents test results at temperatures 10, 50, and 70 degree Celsius respectively. © 2023 ieee.

关键词： Cost effectiveness

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Overview of Cryo-CMOS Devices and Circuits for Quantum Computing applications 9

Overview of Cryo-CMOS Devices and Circuits for Quantum Compu...

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9th ieee International symposium on Smart Electronic Systems, iSES 2023

作者： Manikandan, R.R. Electronics and Communication Engineering Bangalore India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350383249

A fault tolerant scalable quantum computer requires more than 1000 Qubits to perform real time state correction and to improve the Qubit coherence time. The dense wiring connections required between the quantum processor placed at a 100 mK temperature and the room temperature control and readout electronics serve as a limiting factor in this system. Qubit control and readout electronics operating at 4 K temperature, placed closer to a quantum processor inside the dilution refrigerator avoids the dense wiring connections to room temperature electronics, and hence, serve as a potential solution to realize a scalable quantum computer. However, with no CMOS process technology models available at cryogenic temperatures, the design of a fully integrated, ultra-low power Qubit control and readout electronics at a sub-1 mW power consumption proves to be extremely challenging. In recent years, there has been a huge rise in interest among the research communities to understand and solve the device and circuit level challenges at deep cryogenic temperatures. This paper presents an overview of the recently published active and passive device nonidealities, circuit design challenges and solutions, and the future research directions in the Qubit control and readout electronics operating at deep cryogenic temperatures. © 2023 ieee.

关键词： Temperature

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Electrical Characterization and Testing of BGA Gripper-Type Socket for High-Speed applications 19

Electrical Characterization and Testing of BGA Gripper-Type ...

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19th International Microsystems, Packaging, Assembly and Circuits technology Conference, IMPACT 2024

作者： Harb, Shadi M.S. Al-Momani, Emad S. Eisenstadt, William R. Intel Corporation HillsboroOR97124 United States Al Hussein Technical University HillsboroOR97124 United States University of Florida HillsboroOR97124 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798331532246

Ball Grid Array packaging technology has become a viable option in today's high-speed integrated circuit design, where utilizing a BGA socket is essential in high-performance applications. This paper discusses the electrical characteristics and testing of a single-sided gripper-type pin socket technology. Due to the irregular shape and discontinuities of the gripper socket pin, it has become very compelling to study the signal integrity effect for this socket pin technology and its suitability in multi-Giga Hertz applications. The gripper-type socket was modeled and characterized at higher frequencies for multi-ports single-ended and differential configurations. To achieve this, 3D numerical simulations were performed using the HFSS FEM model from Ansoft Corporation. The S-parameters of the socket pin with 0.5-mm pitch testing configuration were evaluated up to 40 GHz. In addition, the insertion and return loss of single-ended and differential configurations were characterized at frequencies of 5 and 10 GHz. Furthermore, real- time functional testing was conducted to perform read-and-write operations using an embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) memory grippe socket platform. © 2024 ieee.

关键词： Ball grid arrays

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