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Identifying source code Reuse across Repositories using LCS-based source code Similarity 14

Identifying Source Code Reuse across Repositories using LCS-...

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14th ieee International working conference on source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM)

作者： Kawamitsu, Naohiro Ishio, Takashi Kanda, Tetsuya Kula, Raula Gaikovina De Roover, Coen Inoue, Katsuro Osaka Univ Grad Sch Informat Sci & Technol Suita Osaka 5650871 Japan Vrije Univ Brussel Software Languages Lab B-1050 Brussels Belgium

ISBN: (纸本)9780769553047

Developers often reuse source files developed for another project. In order to update a reused file to a newer version released by the original project, developers have to track which revision of a file was reused and how its content was modified. However, such tracking is tedious for developers. Many projects keep older versions of files whose bugs are already fixed in the original project. In this paper, we propose a technique to automatically identify source code reuse relationships between two repositories. Using a similarity metric based on longest common subsequence, we identify pairs of similar revisions of files across the repositories. To evaluate our approach, we have analyzed eight project pairs of open source software projects and compared the result with the recorded information in the repositories. As a result, we have identified 1394 file revisions as instances of source code reuse. While 75.3% of the instances are recorded in the repositories, 20.1% of the instances are unrecorded but recovered by our approach.

关键词： public domain software software metrics software reusability source code (software) LCS-based source code similarity automatic source code reuse relationship identification longest common subsequence open source software projects pair identification similarity metric source file reuse Educational institutions History Libraries Measurement Particle separators Software White spaces empirical study software reuse source code similarity version control system Software reuse open source software WAREHOUSE White spaces Software measurement Educational institutions source code Particle separators Libraries computer software Reuse reuse DEVELOPERS Developers

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Effective Static analysis to Find Concurrency Bugs In Java

Effective Static Analysis to Find Concurrency Bugs In Java

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10th ieee working conference on source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM)

作者： Da Luo, Zhi Hillis, Linda Das, Raja Qi, Yao IBM China Dev Lab Beijing Peoples R China IBM Software Grp Ottawa ON Canada IBM Software Grp Res Triangle Pk NC USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780769541785

Multithreading and concurrency are core features of the Java language. However, writing a correct concurrent program is notoriously difficult and error prone. Therefore, developing effective techniques to find concurrency bugs is very important. Existing static analysis techniques for finding concurrency bugs either sacrifice precision for performance, leading to many false positives, or require sophisticated analysis that incur significant overhead. In this paper, we present a precise and efficient static concurrency bugs detector building upon the Eclipse JDT and the open source WALA toolkit (which provides advanced static analysis capabilities). Our detector uses different implementation strategies to consider different types of concurrency bugs. We either utilize JDT to syntactically examine source code, or leverage WALA to perform inter-procedural data flow analysis. We describe a variety of novel heuristics and enhancements to existing analysis techniques which make our detector more practical, in terms of accuracy and performance. We also present an effective approach to use WALA for complex inter-procedural data flow analysis. Finally we justify our claims by presenting the results of applying our detector to a range of real-world applications and comparing our detector with other tools.

关键词： static analysis concurrency multithread bug pattern

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D-REX: Static Detection of Relevant Runtime Exceptions with Location Aware Transformer 21

D-REX: Static Detection of Relevant Runtime Exceptions with ...

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21st ieee International working conference on source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM)

作者： Farmahinifarahani, Farima Lu, Yadong Saini, Vaibhav Baldi, Pierre Lopes, Cristina Univ Calif Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA Microsoft Redmond WA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781665448970

Runtime exceptions are inevitable parts of software systems. While developers often write exception handling code to avoid the severe outcomes of these exceptions, such code is most effective if accompanied by accurate runtime exception types. Predicting the runtime exceptions that may occur in a program, however, is difficult as the situations that lead to these exceptions are complex. We propose D-REX (Deep Runtime EXception detector), as an approach for predicting runtime exceptions of Java methods based on the static properties of code. The core of D-REX is a machine learning model that leverages the representation learning ability of neural networks to infer a set of signals from code to predict the related runtime exception types. This model, which we call Location Aware Transformer, adapts a state-of-the-art language model, Transformer, to provide accurate predictions for the exception types, as well as interpretable recommendations for the exception prone elements of code. We curate a benchmark dataset of 200,000 Java projects from GitHub to train and evaluate D-REX. Experiments demonstrate that D-REX predicts runtime exception types with 81% of Top 1 accuracy, outperforming multiple non-Transformer baselines by a margin of at least 12%. Furthermore, it can predict the exception prone elements of code with 75% Top 1 precision.

关键词： exception prediction runtime exceptions software code modeling

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Effect of clone information on the performance of developers fixing cloned bugs 14

Effect of clone information on the performance of developers...

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14th ieee International working conference on source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM)

作者： Bazrafshan, Saman Koschke, Rainer Univ Bremen D-28359 Bremen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780769553047

Duplicated source code-clones-is known to occur frequently in software systems and bears the risk of inconsistent updates of the code. The impact of clones has been investigated mostly by retrospective analysis of software systems. Only little effort has been spent to investigate human interaction when dealing with clones. A previous study by Chatterji and colleagues found that cloned defects are removed significantly more accurately when clone information is provided to the programmers. We conducted a controlled experiment to extend the previous study on the use of clone information by investigating the effect of clone information on the performance of developers in common bug-fixing tasks. The experiment shows that developers are quite capable to compensate missing clone information through testing to provide correct solutions. Clone information does help to detect cloned defects faster, although developers may exploit semantic code relations such as inheritance to uncover cloned defects only slightly slower if they do not have clone information. If cloned defects lurk in semantically unrelated places however, clone information helps to find them faster at statistical significance. Developers without clone information needed 17 minutes longer on average or 140% more time in relative terms to complete the task successfully.

关键词： program debugging program testing source code (software) clone information effect cloned bugs fixing cloned defect detection duplicated source code missing clone information compensation software systems Cloning Games Java Maintenance engineering Software systems Testing clone experiment clone management software clones software maintenance Software systems Developers Clone Cells Debugging Maintenance engineering program testing DEVELOPERS Software maintenance Java Java programming language Cloning

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LUDroid: A Large Scale analysis of Android - Web Hybridization 19

LUDroid: A Large Scale Analysis of Android - Web Hybridizati...

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19th ieee International working conference on source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM)

作者： Tiwari, Abhishek Prakash, Jyoti Gross, Sascha Hammer, Christian Univ Potsdam Software Engn Grp Potsdam Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781728149370

Many Android applications embed webpages via WebView components and execute JavaScript code within Android. Hybrid applications leverage dedicated APIs to load a resource and render it in WebView. Furthermore, Android objects can be shared with the JavaScript world. However, bridging the interfaces of the Android and JavaScript world might also incur severe security threats: Potentially untrusted webpages and their JavaScript might interfere with the Android environment and its access to native features. No general analysis is currently available to assess the implications of such hybrid apps bridging the two worlds. To understand the semantics and effects of hybrid apps, we perform a large-scale study on the usage of the hybridization APIs in the wild. We analyze and categorize the parameters to hybridization APIs for 7,500 randomly selected applications from the Google Playstore. Our results advance the general understanding of hybrid applications, as well as implications for potential program analyses, and the current security situation: We discover 6,375 flows of sensitive data from Android to JavaScript, out of which 82% could flow to potentially untrustworthy code. Our analysis identified 365 web pages embedding vulnerabilities and we exemplarily exploit them. Additionally, we discover 653 applications in which potentially untrusted Javascript code may interfere with (trusted) Android objects.

关键词： Android Hybrid Apps Static analysis Information Flow Control

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Enabling the Continuous analysis of Security Vulnerabilities with VulData7 18

Enabling the Continuous Analysis of Security Vulnerabilities...

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18th ieee International working conference on source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM)

作者： Jimenez, Matthieu Traon, Yves Le Papadakis, Mike Univ Luxembourg Snt Luxembourg Luxembourg

ISBN: (纸本)9781538682906

Studies on security vulnerabilities require the analysis, investigation and comprehension of real vulnerable code instances. However, collecting and experimenting with a sufficient number of such instances is challenging. To cope with this issue, we developed VulData7, an extensible framework and dataset of real vulnerabilities, automatically collected from software archives. The current version of the dataset contains all reported vulnerabilities (in the NVD database) of 4 security critical open source systems, i.e., Linux Kernel, WireShark, OpenSSL, SystemD. For each vulnerability, VulData7 provides the vulnerability report data (description, CVE number, CWE number, CVSS severity score and others), the vulnerable code instance (list of versions), and when available its corresponding patches (list of fixing commits) and the files (before and after fix). VulData7 is automated, flexible and easily extensible. Once configured, it extracts and links information from the related software archives (through Git and NVD reports) to create a dataset that is continuously updated with the latest information available. Currently, VulData7 retrieves fixes for 1,600 out of the 2,800 reported vulnerabilities of the 4 systems. The framework also supports the collection of additional software defects and aims at easing empirical studies and analyses. We believe that our framework is a valuable resource for both developers and researchers interested in secure software development. VulData7 can also serve educational purposes and trigger research on source code analysis. VulData7 is publicly available at : https://***/electricalwind/data7

关键词： Dataset Tool Software Archives Security Vulnerabilities

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Which Method-Stereotype Changes are Indicators of code Smells? 18

Which Method-Stereotype Changes are Indicators of Code Smell...

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18th ieee International working conference on source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM)

作者： Decker, Michael J. Newman, Christian D. Dragan, Natalia Collard, Michael L. Maletic, Jonathan I. Kraft, Nicholas A. Bowling Green State Univ Dept Comp Sci Bowling Green OH 43403 USA Rochester Inst Technol Dept Software Engn Rochester NY 14623 USA Kent State Univ Dept Management & Informat Syst Kent OH 44242 USA Univ Akron Dept Comp Sci Akron OH 44325 USA Kent State Univ Dept Comp Sci Kent OH 44242 USA ABB Corp Res Raleigh NC USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781538682906

A study of how method roles evolve during the lifetime of a software system is presented. Evolution is examined by analyzing when the stereotype of a method changes. Stereotypes provide a high-level categorization of a method's behavior and role, and also provide insight into how a method interacts with its environment and carries out tasks. The study covers 50 open-source systems and 6 closed-source systems. Results show that method behavior with respect to stereotype is highly stable and constant over time. Overall, out of all the history examined, only about 10% of changes to methods result in a change in their stereotype. Examples of methods that change stereotype are further examined. A select number of these types of changes are indicators of code smells.

关键词： method stereotypes software change software evolution code smells empirical

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Navigating source code with Words 15

Navigating Source Code with Words

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15th ieee International working conference on source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM)

作者： Lawrie, Dawn Binkley, Dave Loyola Univ Maryland Baltimore MD USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781467375290

The hierarchical method of organizing information has proven beneficial in learning in part because it maps well onto the human brain's memory. Exploiting this organizational strategy may help engineers cope with large software systems. In fact such an strategy is already present in source code and is manifested in the class hierarchies of objected-oriented programs. However, an engineer faced with fixing a bug or any similar need to locate the implementation of a particular feature in the code is less interested in the syntactic organization of the code and more interested in its conceptual organization. Therefore, a conceptual hierarchy would bring clear benefit. Fortunately, such a view can be extracted automatically the source code. The hierarchy generating tool HierIT performs this task using an information-theoretic approach to identify "content-bearing" words and associate them hierarchically. The resulting hierarchy enables an engineer to better understand the concepts contained in a software system. To study their value, an experiment was conducted to quantitatively and qualitatively investigate the value that hierarchies bring. The quantitative evaluation first considers the Expected Mutual Information Measure (EMIM) between the set of topic words and natural language extracted from the source code. It then considers the Best Case Tree Walk (BCTW), which captures how "expensive" it is to find interesting documents. Finally, the hierarchies are considered qualitatively by investigating their perceived usefulness in a case study involving three engineers.

关键词： object-oriented programming program debugging source code (software) text analysis BCTW EMIM HierIT best case tree walk expected mutual information measure hierarchy generating tool human brain memory information-theoretic approach learning objected-oriented program source code Context Entropy Joints Mathematical model Natural languages Organizations Software source code natural languages Debugging text processing object oriented programming Social Hierarchy Software systems Joints Joints Mathematical Model entropy computer software Engineers Organizations

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Towards constructing the SSA form using reaching definitions over dominance frontiers 19

Towards constructing the SSA form using reaching definitions...

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19th ieee International working conference on source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM)

作者： Masud, Abu Naser Ciccozzi, Federico Malardalen Univ Sch Innovat Design & Engn Vasteras Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)9781728149370

The Static Single Assignment (SSA) form is an intermediate representation used for the analysis and optimization of programs in modern compilers. The f-function placement is the most computationally expensive part of converting any program into its SSA form. The most widely-used f-function placement algorithms are based on computing dominance frontiers. However, this kind of algorithms works under the limiting assumption that all variables are defined at the beginning of the program, which is not the case for local variables. In this paper, we introduce an innovative algorithm based on computing reaching definitions, only assuming that global variables and formal parameters are defined at the beginning of the program. We implemented our algorithm and compared it to a well-known dominance frontiers-based algorithm in the Clang/LLVM compiler framework by performing experiments on a benchmarking suite for Perl. The results of our experiments show that, besides a few computationally expensive cases, our algorithm is fairly efficient, and most notably it produces up to 169% and on an average 74% fewer f-functions than the reference dominance frontiers-based algorithm.

关键词： Static single assignment program optimization program transformation reaching definition dataflow analysis

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Evaluating code Clone Genealogies at Release Level: An Empirical Study

Evaluating Code Clone Genealogies at Release Level: An Empir...

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10th ieee working conference on source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM)

作者： Saha, Ripon K. Asaduzzaman, Muhammad Zibran, Minhaz F. Roy, Chanchal K. Schneider, Kevin A. Univ Saskatchewan Dept Comp Sci Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9 Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9780769541785

code clone genealogies show how clone groups evolve with the evolution of the associated software system, and thus could provide important insights on the maintenance implications of clones. In this paper, we provide an in-depth empirical study for evaluating clone genealogies in evolving open source systems at the release level. We develop a clone genealogy extractor, examine 17 open source C, Java, C++ and C# systems of diverse varieties and study different dimensions of how clone groups evolve with the evolution of the software systems. Our study shows that majority of the clone groups of the clone genealogies either propagate without any syntactic changes or change consistently in the subsequent releases, and that many of the genealogies remain alive during the evolution. These findings seem to be consistent with the findings of a previous study that clones may not be as detrimental in software maintenance as believed to be (at least by many of us), and that instead of aggressively refactoring clones, we should possibly focus on tracking and managing clones during the evolution of software systems.

关键词： C# systems C++ C++ language clone evolution clone genealogy extractor code clone code clone genealogy evaluation empirical study open source C open source software open source systems program compilers public domain software software maintenance software maintenance software system evolution

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