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BinCFP: Efficient Multi-threaded Binary code Control Flow Profiling 16

BinCFP: Efficient Multi-threaded Binary Code Control Flow Pr...

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16th ieee International working conference on source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM)

作者： Ming, Jiang Wu, Dinghao Penn State Univ Coll Informat Sci & Technol University Pk PA 16802 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781509038497

In many tasks of reverse engineering and binary code analysis (e.g., hybrid disassembly, resolving indirect jump, and decoupled taint analysis), the knowledge of detailed dynamic control flow can be of great value. However, the high runtime overhead beset the complete collection of dynamic control flow. The previous efforts on efficient path profiling cannot be directly applied to the obfuscated binary code in which an accurate control flow graph is typically absent. To address these challenges, we present BinCFP, an efficient multi-threaded binary code control flow profiling tool by taking advantage of pervasive multi-core platforms. BinCFP relies on dynamic binary instrumentation to work with the unmodified binary code. The key of BinCFP is a multi-threaded fast buffering scheme that supports processing trace buffers asynchronously. To achieve better performance gains, we also apply a set of optimizations to reduce control flow profile size and instrumentation overhead. Our design enables the complete dynamic control flow collection for an obfuscated binary execution. We have implemented BinCFP on top of Pin. The comparative experiments on SPEC2006 and obfuscated common utility programs show BinCFP outperforms the previous work in several ways. In addition, BinCFP's control flow profile sizes are only about 49.2% that of the conventional design.

关键词： Control Flow Profiling Dynamic Binary Instrumentation Multi-core

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An End-to-End Framework for Repairing Potentially Vulnerable source code 22

An End-to-End Framework for Repairing Potentially Vulnerable...

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ieee 22nd International working conference on source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM)

作者： Jasz, Judit Hegedus, Peter Milankovich, Akos Ferenc, Rudolf Univ Szeged FrontEndART Ltd Szeged Hungary SEARCH LAB Ltd Budapest Hungary

ISBN: (纸本)9781665496094

Nowadays, program development is getting easier and easier as the various IDE tools provide advice on what to write in the program. But it is not enough to implement a solution to a problem;it is also important that the non-functional properties, like the quality or security of the code, are appropriate in all aspects. One of the most widely used techniques to ensure quality is testing. If the tests fail, one can fix the code immediately. However, security issues are unexpected cases when implementing the program, which is why we do not write tests for them in advance. In many cases, security-relevant bugs can not only cause financial loss but also put human lives at risk, so detecting and fixing them is an important step for the reliability and quality of the program. The tool presented in this paper aims to generate automatic code repairs to potential vulnerabilities in the program. By integrating the recommended fixes, one can easily harden the security of their program early in the development process. A case study on six open-source Java subject systems showed that we were able to generate viable repair patches for 57 out of the 81 detected security issues (70%). For certain types (e.g., revealing private references of mutable objects), our tool reached close to perfect performance.

关键词： automated code repair vulnerability ASG transformation

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Assessing the Impact of Execution Environment on Observation-Based Slicing 22

Assessing the Impact of Execution Environment on Observation...

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ieee 22nd International working conference on source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM)

作者： Binkley, David Moonen, Leon Loyola Univ Maryland Baltimore MD 21210 USA Simula Res Lab Oslo Norway

ISBN: (纸本)9781665496094

Program slicing reduces a program to a smaller version that retains a chosen computation, referred to as a slicing criterion. One recent multi-lingual slicing approach, observation-based slicing (ORBS), speculatively deletes parts of the program and then executes the code. If the behavior of the slicing criteria is unchanged, the speculative deletion is made permanent. While this makes ORBS language agnostic, it can lead to the production of some non-intuitive slices. One particular challenge is when the execution environment plays a role. For example, ORBS will delete the line "a = 0" if the memory location assigned to a contains zero before executing this statement, because the deletion does not affect the value of a and thus the slicing criterion. Consequently, slices can differ between execution environments due to factors such as initialization and call stack reuse. The technique considered, nVORBS, attempts to ameliorate this problem by validating a candidate slice in n different execution environments. We conduct an empirical study to collect initial insights into how often the execution environment leads to slice differences. Specifically, we compare and contrast the slices produced by seven different instantiations of nVORBS. Looking forward, the technique can be seen as a variation on metamorphic testing, and thus suggests how ideas from metamorphic testing might be used to improve dynamic program analysis.

关键词： dynamic analysis metamorphic testing ORBS slicing

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Formal Definition and Automatic Generation of Semantic Metrics: An Empirical Study on Bug Prediction 21

Formal Definition and Automatic Generation of Semantic Metri...

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21st ieee International working conference on source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM)

作者： Hu, Ting Mo, Ran Xiong, Pu Li, Zengyang Feng, Qiong Cent China Normal Univ Sch Comp Wuhan Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Sci & Technol Sch Comp Sci & Engn Nanjing Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781665448970

Bug prediction is helpful for facilitating bug fixes and improving the efficiency in software development and maintenance. In the past decades, researchers have proposed numerous studies on bug prediction by using code metrics. However, most of the existing studies use syntax-based metrics, there exists little work building bug prediction models with semantic metrics from source code. In this paper, we propose a new model, semantic dependency graph (SDG), to represent semantic relationships among source files. Based on the SDG, we formally define a suite of semantic metrics reflecting semantic characteristics of a project's source files. Moreover, we create a tool to automate the generation of our proposed SDG-based metrics. Through our experimental studies, we have demonstrated that the SDG-based semantic metrics are effective for building bug prediction models, and the SDG-based metrics outperform traditional syntactic metrics on bug prediction. In addition, models using the SDG-based metrics could achieve a better prediction performance than two state-of-the-art models that learn semantic features automatically. Finally, we have also presented that our approach is applicable in practice in terms of execution time and space.

关键词： Semantic code Metrics Semantic Dependency Bug Prediction

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Is Cloned code more stable than Non-Cloned code?

Is Cloned Code more stable than Non-Cloned Code?

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8th ieee International working conference on source code analysis and manipulation

作者： Krinke, Jens Fernuniv Hagen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780769533537

This paper presents a study on the stability of cloned code. The results from an analysis of 200 weeks of evolution of five software system show that the stability as measured by changes to the system is dominated by the deletion of code clones. It can. also be observed that additions to a systems art, more often additions to non-cloned code than additions to cloned code. If the dominating factor of deletions is eliminated, it can generally be concluded that cloned code is more stable than non-cloned code.

关键词： Cloning

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On the Comprehension of code Clone Visualizations: A Controlled Study using Eye Tracking 15

On the Comprehension of Code Clone Visualizations: A Control...

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15th ieee International working conference on source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM)

作者： Uddin, Md Sami Gaur, Varun Gutwin, Carl Roy, Chanchal K. Univ Saskatchewan Dept Comp Sci Saskatoon SK S7N 0W0 Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781467375290

code clone visualizations (CCVs) are graphical representations of clone detection results provided by various state-of-the-art command line and graphical analysis tools. In order to properly analyze and manipulate code clones within a target system, these visualizations must be easily and efficiently comprehensible. We conducted an eye-tracking study with 20 participants (expert, intermediate, and novice) to assess how well people can comprehend visualizations such as Scatter plots, Treemaps, and Hierarchical Dependency Graphs provided by VisCad, a recent clone visualization tool. The goals of the study were to find out what elements of the visualizations (e.g., colors, shapes, object positions) are most important for comprehension, and to identify common usage patterns for different groups. Our results help us understand how developers with different levels of expertise explore and navigate through the visualizations while performing specific tasks. Distinctive patterns of eye movements for different visualizations were found depending on the expertise of the participants. Color, shape and position information were found to play vital roles in comprehension of CCVs. Our results provide recommendations that can improve the implementation of visualization techniques in VisCad and other clone visualization systems.

关键词： Clone visualization comprehension code clone VisCad eye tracking human-computer interaction

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Exploring the Effects of History Length and Age on Mining Software Change Impact 16

Exploring the Effects of History Length and Age on Mining So...

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16th ieee International working conference on source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM)

作者： Moonen, Leon Di Alesio, Stefano Rolfsnes, Thomas Binkley, Dave W. Simula Res Lab Oslo Norway Loyola Univ Maryland Baltimore MD USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781509038497

The goal of Software Change Impact analysis is to identify artifacts (typically source-code files) potentially affected by a change. Recently, there is an increased interest in mining software change impact based on evolutionary coupling. A particularly promising approach uses association rule mining to uncover potentially affected artifacts from patterns in the system's change history. Two main considerations when using this approach are the history length, the number of transactions from the change history used to identify the impact of a change, and history age, the number of transactions that have occurred since patterns were last mined from the history. Although history length and age can significantly affect the quality of mining results, few guidelines exist on how to best select appropriate values for these two parameters. In this paper, we empirically investigate the effects of history length and age on the quality of change impact analysis using mined evolutionary couplings. Specifically, we report on a series of systematic experiments involving the change histories of two large industrial systems and 17 large open source systems. In these experiments, we vary the length and age of the history used to mine software change impact, and assess how this affects precision and applicability. Results from the study are used to derive practical guidelines for choosing history length and age when applying association rule mining to conduct software change impact analysis.

关键词： change impact analysis evolutionary coupling association rule mining parameter tuning

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Permission Issues in Open-source Android Apps: An Exploratory Study 19

Permission Issues in Open-source Android Apps: An Explorator...

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19th ieee International working conference on source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM)

作者： Scoccia, Gian Luca Peruma, Anthony Pujols, Virginia Malavolta, Ivano Krutz, Daniel E. Gran Sasso Sci Inst Laquila Italy Rochester Inst Technol Rochester NY 14623 USA Vrije Univ Amsterdam Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9781728149370

Permissions are one of the most fundamental components for protecting an Android user's privacy and security. Unfortunately, developers frequently misuse permissions by requiring too many or too few permissions, or by not adhering to permission best practices. These permission-related issues can negatively impact users in a variety of ways, ranging from creating a poor user experience to severe privacy and security implications. To advance the understanding permission-related issues during the app's development process, we conducted an empirical study of 574 GitHub repositories of open-source Android apps. We analyzed the occurrences of four types of permission-related issues across the lifetime of the apps. Our findings reveal that (i) permission-related issues are a frequent phenomenon in Android apps, (ii) the majority of issues are fixed within a few days after their introduction, (iii) permission-related issues can frequently linger inside an app for an extended period of time, which can be as high as several years, before being fixed, and (iv) both project newcomers and regular contributors exhibit the same behaviour in terms of number of introduced and fixed permission-related issues per commit.

关键词： Mobile Permissions Android Mobile Software Engineering Software Repository Mining

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Periodic Developer Metrics in Software Defect Prediction 18

Periodic Developer Metrics in Software Defect Prediction

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18th ieee International working conference on source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM)

作者： Kini, Seldag Ozcan Tosun, Ayse Istanbul Tech Univ Fac Comp & Informat Engn Istanbul Turkey

ISBN: (纸本)9781538682906

Defect prediction studies have proposed several data-driven approaches, and recently, this field has put more emphasis on whether the people factor is associated software defects. Developer metrics can capture experience, code ownership, coding skills and techniques, and commit activities. These metrics have so far been measured at a specified snapshot of the codebase although developer's knowledge on a source module could change over time. In this paper, we propose to measure periodic developer experience with regard to contextual knowledge on files and directories. We extract periodic experience metrics capturing the previous activities of developers on source files and investigate the explanatory effect of these metrics on defects. We also use activity-based (churn) metrics to observe the performance of both metric types on defect prediction. We used two large-scale open source projects, Lucene and Jackrabbit, for model evaluation. We calculate periodic developer experience metrics and churn metrics at two granularity levels: file level and commit level. We build the models using five popular machine learning algorithms in defect prediction literature. The models with the two best performing algorithms are assessed in terms of Precision, Recall, False Positive Rate, and F-measure. The set of metrics that explains software defects the best is also identified using correlation-based feature selection method. Results show that periodic developer experience metrics extracted at file level are good merits for defect prediction, accompanied with churn. When there is not enough data to extract the contextual knowledge of developers on source files, churn metrics play an important role on defect prediction.

关键词： software defect prediction periodic developer experience code ownership churn metrics

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The EKEKO/X Program Transformation Tool 14

The EKEKO/X Program Transformation Tool

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14th ieee International working conference on source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM)

作者： De Roover, Coen Inoue, Katsuro Osaka Univ Software Engn Lab Osaka Japan Vrije Univ Brussel Software Languages Lab Brussels Belgium

ISBN: (纸本)9780769553047

Developers often need to perform repetitive changes to source code. For instance, to repair several instances of a bug or to update all clients of a library to a newer version. Manually performing such changes is laborious and error-prone. Program transformation tools enable automating changes, but specifying changes as a program transformation requires significant expertise. code templates are often touted as a remedy, yet have never been endorsed wholeheartedly. Their use is mostly limited to expressing the syntactic characteristics of the intended change subjects. Less familiar means have to be resorted to for expressing their structural, control flow, and data flow characteristics. In this tool paper, we introduce a decidedly template-driven program transformation tool called EKEKO/X. Its specifications feature templates for specifying all of the aforementioned characteristics of its subjects. To this end, developers can associate different directives with individual components of a template. Each matching directive imposes particular constraints on the matches for the component it is associated with. Rewriting directives, on the other hand, determine how each match should be changed. We develop EKEKO/X from the ground up, starting from its applicative logic meta-programming foundation. We highlight the key choices in this implementation and demonstrate its use through two example program transformations.

关键词： Abstracts Concrete Java Libraries Reactive power Receivers Syntactics code templates program transformation refactoring

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