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High-Throughput and Flexible Belief Propagation List Decoder for Polar Codes

ieee TRANSACTIONS ON signal processing 2024年 72卷 1158-1174页

作者： Ren, Yuqing Shen, Yifei Zhang, Leyu Kristensen, Andreas Toftegaard Balatsoukas-Stimming, Alexios Boutillon, Emmanuel Burg, Andreas Zhang, Chuan Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne EPFL TCL CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland Southeast Univ LEADS Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China Eindhoven Univ Technol Dept Elect Engn NL-5600 MB Eindhoven Netherlands Univ Bretagne Sud CNRS UMR 6285 Lab STICC F-56100 Lorient France

Due to its high parallelism, belief propagation (BP)decoding is amenable to high-throughput applications and thusrepresents a promising solution for the ultra-high peak datarate required by future communication systems. To bridge theperformance gap compared to the widely used successive cancel-lation list (SCL) decoding algorithm, BP list (BPL) decoding forpolar codes extends candidate codeword exploration via multiplepermuted factor graphs (PFGs) to improve the error-correctingperformance of BP decoding. However, it is a significant challengeto design a unified and flexible BPL hardware architecture thatsupports various PFGs and code configurations. In this paper,we present the first VLSI implementation of a BPL decoder forpolar codes that overcomes this implementation challenge with ahardware-friendly algorithm for on-the-fly flexible ***, we introduce a sequential generation (SG) algorithm toobtain a near-optimal PFG set. Additionally, we demonstratethat any permutation can be decomposed into a combination ofmultiple fixed routings, and design a low-complexity permutationnetwork to generate graphs in an on-the-fly fashion. Our BPLdecoder has a low decoding latency by executing decoding andpermutation generation in parallel and supports arbitrary listsizes without area overhead. Experimental results based on 28nmFD-SOI technology show that for length-1024 polar codes witha code rate of one-half, our BPL decoder with 32 PFGs exhibitssimilar error-correcting performance to SCL with a list size of 4and achieves an average throughput of 25.63 Gbps and an areaefficiency of 29.46 Gbps/mm2, which is 1.82xand 4.33xfasterthan the state-of-the-art BP flip and SCL decoders, respectively

关键词： Decoding Power line communications Polar codes Codes Hardware Maximum likelihood decoding signal processing algorithms high-throughput belief propagation list (BPL) decoding factor graph permutation automorphism ensemble hardware implementation

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On the implementation of Fixed-Point Exponential Function for Machine Learning and signal- processing Accelerators

IEEE DESIGN & TEST

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ieee design & TEST 2022年第4期39卷 64-70页

作者： Chandra, Mahesh NXP Semicond India Ltd Noida 201301 India

Editor's notes: The natural exponential function appears in a broad range of conventional and emerging applications, including the activation functions used in deep learning applications. This article presents an optimized implementation of exponential function for variable precision fixed-point negative inputs. Hence, this design can boost the performance and energy efficiency of a vast amount of hardware accelerators and systems. -Umit Ogras, Arizona State University

关键词： Table lookup Hardware Taylor series Arithmetic Adders Optimization Neural networks Digital integrated circuit natural exponential activation function Gaussian function

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Federated Learning-Assisted Predictive Beamforming for Extremely Large-Scale Antenna Array systems With Rate-Splitting Multiple Access

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ieee JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN signal processing 2025年第2期19卷 461-476页

作者： Zhang, Shengyu Mao, Yijie Chen, Zihan Clerckx, Bruno Quek, Tony Q. S. Singapore Univ Technol & Design Informat Syst Technol & Design Pillar Singapore 487372 Singapore ShanghaiTech Univ Sch Informat Sci & Technol Shanghai 201210 Peoples R China Imperial Coll London Dept Elect & Elect Engn London SW7 2AZ England Singapore Univ Technol & Design Singapore 487372 Singapore Kyung Hee Univ Dept Elect Engn Yongin 17104 South Korea

Achieving perfect Channel State Information at the Transmitter (CSIT) is often infeasible in Extremely Large-scale Antenna Array (ELAA) systems due to user mobility and feedback/processing delay. This results in severe multi-user interference. Therefore, how to effectively and efficiently manage interference with partial/historical CSIT is one of the most important challenges for implementing ELAA. In this paper, we propose a Federated Learning (FL)-assisted predictive beamforming framework for ELAA systems to address this challenge. Specifically, we introduce Rate-Splitting Multiple Access (RSMA) to relax the sensitivity to imperfect CSIT while still benefiting from the spatial resolution. Moreover, a predictive beamforming protocol is designed to optimize the precoder design under the imperfections in the channel estimate quality originating from user mobility and latency. To calculate the beamformers, we first propose a lightweight patch-mixing approach to split the historical CSIT data samples into smaller manageable segments. Then, we propose an FL-based training method that enables parallel processing of these CSI segments, thereby accelerating the training process. Simulation results show the effectiveness and efficacy of the proposed FL-assisted predictive beamforming framework, which paves the way for real-world implementation of ELAA.

关键词： Array signal processing Training Antenna arrays Interference Computational modeling Predictive models Transmitting antennas Protocols Precoding Optimization Extremely large-scale antenna array (ELAA) federated learning (FL) patch-mixing rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA)

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Revisiting Band-Limited DS/SS signal design for GNSS 11

Revisiting Band-Limited DS/SS Signal Design for GNSS

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11th workshop on Satellite Navigation Technology, NAVITEC 2024

作者： De Gaudenzi, Riccardo Luise, Marco University of Pisa Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9798350356854

A lot of attention has been devoted in the last 20 years to the issue of signal-in-Space design for Global Navigation Satellite systems (GNSSs). The fundamental, unifying feature of such effort has been designing constant-envelope formats to maximize the power efficiency of the High-Power Amplifiers (HPA) on board the satellite. In reality, such signals have to be filtered by the on-board generation units, so that the constant-envelope feature is somewhat lost, especially in the latest wideband signals like GALILEO E5. On the other hand, mass-market receivers are capable to exploit wider bandwidths than in the past, so it makes sense to increase the chip rate of future signals and fill-up the allocated bandwidth as much as possible not to generate performance losses and precious bandwidth waste. This short paper investigates a signal design approach, wherein GNSS signals are wideband and band-limited by design (hence variable-envelope), so that their implementation is 100% accurate wrt the theoretical model. The aim is either achieving better ranging accuracy in the same occupied bandwidth, or smaller bandwidth occupancy for the same accuracy. © 2024 ieee.

关键词： Global positioning system

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A New Input Grouping and Sharing Method to design Low Complexity FFT implementation

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ieee TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND systems II-EXPRESS BRIEFS 2024年第2期71卷 832-836页

作者： Wang, Shouman Chen, Jiajia Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Coll Elect & Informat Engn Nanjing 210016 Peoples R China

FFT is a commonly applied algorithm in digital signal processing and communications. In this brief, a new low power and low complexity FFT architecture design is proposed. An input grouping method is used to reduce the multiplications of the inputs and FFT twiddle factor coefficients. In addition, a new input partial sum sharing scheme is proposed to reuse the hardware resources to further reduce the adder cost. Logic synthesis results in ASIC show that the proposed 16-point FFT architecture can save area and power cost by at least 19.1% and 19.0% respectively compared with the recently published designs. Similarly, the proposed 32-point FFT architecture can reduce both power and delay by at least 6.91% and 5.35%.

关键词： FFT twiddle factors partial sum sharing

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Autoencoder-Based PPG Compression for Resource-Constrained Device 22

Autoencoder-Based PPG Compression for Resource-Constrained D...

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22nd ieee Statistical signal processing workshop (SSP)

作者： Santiwongkarn, Suvichak Kornworakarn, Natakorn Suksompong, Prapun Choksatchawathi, Tanut Kaewlee, Thitikorn Wilaiprasitporn, Theerawit Thammasat Univ Sirindhorn Int Inst Technol Sch Informat Comp & Commun Technol Pathum Thani Thailand Vidyasirimedhi Inst Sci & Technol Sch Informat Sci & Technol Rayong Thailand Sense AI Co Ltd Rayong Thailand

ISBN: (纸本)9781665452458

PPG-enabled wearables are increasingly prevalent and have the potential to improve remote healthcare systems significantly. However, their implementation can be challenging under resource constraints. To alleviate these constraints, this article proposed a lightweight autoencoder-based lossy PPG compression system for data streaming applications. The system reduces the amount of transmitted data by a factor of 8 while maintaining the information with the signal RMSE at 0.026 and peak MAE at 0.020. This is possible through the loss-conditional training approach on specific task learning. Its practical functionality and advantages are verified on a resource-constrained Docker container and an Arduino Nano 33 BLE microcontroller board. This system cut down transmission energy consumption by 84%.

关键词： signal Compression Photoplethysmograph Feature Extraction Autoencoder Loss-conditional Training

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Hybrid Beamforming for Millimeter-Wave Massive Grant-Free Transmission

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ieee TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2025年第3期73卷 2061-2076页

作者： Sun, Gangle Yi, Xinping Wang, Wenjin Xu, Wei Jin, Shi Southeast Univ Natl Mobile Commun Res Lab Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China Purple Mt Labs Nanjing 211100 Peoples R China

The increasing demands for spectral resources in emerging massive machine-type communication applications necessitate the implementation of massive grant-free transmission in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) band. This paper proposes two efficient receive analog beamforming design algorithms for mmWave massive grant-free transmission under hybrid beamforming architectures, intending to optimize spectral efficiency and access probability, respectively. Specifically, we first express the spectral efficiency of mmWave massive grant-free transmission systems and then derive an analytically tractable approximation using the random matrix theory. Following this, an alternating optimization method is employed to design the receive beamforming matrix efficiently. Additionally, we provide the formulation of access probability for mmWave massive grant-free transmission, whose explicit expression is approximately derived through the Gaussian approximation. Building upon this, we utilize a convex hull relaxation-based optimization method to optimize the beamforming matrix. The effectiveness of our proposed beamforming design algorithms in improving spectral efficiency and access probability is validated through extensive simulation experiments.

关键词： Array signal processing Millimeter wave communication Vectors Radio frequency Uplink Spectral efficiency Computer architecture Access probability analog beamforming design grant-free massive machine-type communication millimeter-wave systems spectral efficiency

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Power Allocation for Massive MIMO-ISAC systems

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ieee TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2024年第10期23卷 14232-14248页

作者： Liao, Bin Ngo, Hien Quoc Matthaiou, Michail Smith, Peter J. Shenzhen Univ Guangdong Prov Key Lab Intelligent Informat Proc Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China State Key Lab Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integ Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China Queens Univ Belfast Ctr Wireless Innovat CWI Belfast BT7 1NN North Ireland Victoria Univ Wellington Sch Math & Stat Wellington 6012 New Zealand

Arrays with a large number of antennas can achieve outstanding performance for both communication and radar sensing. This motivates us to investigate the transmit beamforming design for massive multiple-input multiple-output integrated sensing and communications (mMIMO-ISAC) systems. Inspired by the facts that linear precoding methods can provide very good performance in mMIMO and that a dual-function ISAC transmit beamformer should be suitable for both communication and radar sensing, we propose an implementation-friendly mMIMO-ISAC transmit beamformer as a weighted combination of a linear precoder and a pre-designed array beamformer. The weights are selected and adjusted through the powers allocated to the beamformers, while the design problem is formulated as a total transmit power minimization, while satisfying the requirements for both sensing and communication. Leveraging the use-and-then-forget strategy, simplified performance metrics for communication and sensing under the proposed mMIMO-ISAC transmit model are derived, which yields linear programming (LP) problems for the design. It is shown that analytical solutions can be obtained and, hence, the proposed design is computationally very attractive. Simulations are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness and performance of the proposed methods.

关键词： Array signal processing Radar Channel estimation signal to noise ratio Wireless communication Precoding Interference Integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) power allocation transmit beamforming

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design and Empirical Validation of a Low-Cost Outdoor mmWave Altimetry Test Bench for UAS

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ieee ACCESS 2025年 13卷 56034-56044页

作者： Derawi, Mohammad Awan, Maaz Ali Sahin, Adem Dalveren, Yaser Ozdur, Ibrahim Kara, Ali Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect Syst N-2815 Gjovik Norway Gazi Univ Dept Elect & Elect Engn TR-06570 Ankara Turkiye TOBB ETU Dept Elect & Elect Engn TR-06570 Ankara Turkiye Izmir Bakircay Univ Dept Elect & Elect Engn TR-35665 Izmir Turkiye

The increasing adoption of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) in diverse urban applications necessitates reliable and precise altimetry solutions for situational awareness and landing safety. Despite significant advancements in the realm of waveform design and signal processing, empirical validation of millimeter wave (mmWave) Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) waveforms for altimetry use case remains a critical gap in literature. This study argues the necessity of empirical validation of candidate FMCW waveforms by proposing an inexpensive and practical outdoor test bench. The multipath propagation model for the said test bench is presented along with a simplified testing methodology suitable for implementation on contemporary mmWave automotive radars. The specifics of the test bench are deliberated where a flat concrete wall with a sufficiently large surface area is employed as a static target. The underpinnings established by this body of work shall serve dynamic testing on a drone platform against various terrain types in the next phase of research. The experimental results demonstrate the potential of practical use of mmWave altimetry on UAS in urban deployment.

关键词： Millimeter wave communication Testing Radar Reflection Altimetry Costs Measurement Clutter signal to noise ratio Laboratories Outdoor test bench mmWave altimetry FMCW UAS

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design, implementation and Evaluation of a New Variable Latency Integer Division Scheme

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ieee TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS 2024年第7期73卷 1767-1779页

作者： Angioli, Marco Barbirotta, Marcello Cheikh, Abdallah Mastrandrea, Antonio Menichelli, Francesco Jamili, Saeid Olivieri, Mauro Sapienza Univ Rome Dept Informat Engn Elect & Telecommun DIET Rome 00184 Italy

Integer division is key for various applications and often represents the performance bottleneck due to its inherent mathematical properties that limit its parallelization. This paper presents a new data-dependent variable latency division algorithm derived from the classic non-performing restoring method. The proposed technique exploits the relationship between the number of leading zeros in the divisor and in the partial remainder to dynamically detect and skip those iterations that result in a simple left shift. While a similar principle has been exploited in previous works, the proposed approach outperforms existing variable latency divider schemes in average latency and power consumption. We detail the algorithm and its implementation in four variants, offering versatility for the specific application requirements. For each variant, we report the average latency evaluated with different benchmarks, and we analyze the synthesis results for both FPGA and ASIC deployment, reporting clock speed, average execution time, hardware resources, and energy consumption, compared with existing fixed and variable latency dividers.

关键词： Hardware Registers Clocks Field programmable gate arrays Benchmark testing Frequency conversion signal processing algorithms Variable-latency divider integer division high-speed arithmetic computer arithmetic real-time and embedded systems low-power design

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