There are two crucial, complementary, issues faced during design and implementation of practically any but a simple imageprocessing library. First is an ability to represent a variety of image types, typically the di...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819426377
There are two crucial, complementary, issues faced during design and implementation of practically any but a simple imageprocessing library. First is an ability to represent a variety of image types, typically the discriminate feature being the pixel type, e.g. binary, short integer, long integer, or floating point. The second issue is implementation of imageprocessingalgorithms that will be able to operate on each of the supported image representations. In many traditional library designs this leads to reimplementation of the same algorithm many times, once for each possible image representation. Some attempts to alleviate this problem introduce elaborate schemes of dynamic pixel representation and registration. This results in single algorithm implementation, however, due to dynamic pixel registration, efficiency of these implementations is poor. In this paper, we investigate use of parameterized algorithms and design issues involved in implementing them in C++. We permit single expression of the algorithm to be used with any concrete representation of an image. Use of advanced features of C++ and object-oriented programming allow us to use static pixel representations, where pixel types are resolved during compile time instead of run time. This approach leads to very flexible and efficient implementations. We have both advantages: single algorithm implementation for numerous image representations, and best possible speed of execution.
Low-cost PC-based machine vision systems have become more common due to faster processing capabilities and the availability of compatible high-speed image acquisition and processing hardware. One development, which is...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819426377
Low-cost PC-based machine vision systems have become more common due to faster processing capabilities and the availability of compatible high-speed image acquisition and processing hardware. One development, which is likely to have a very favorable impact on this trend, is enhanced multimedia capabilities present in new processor chips such as Intel MMX and Cyrix M2 processors. Special instructions are provided with this type of hardware which, combined with a SIMD parallel processing architecture, provides a substantial speed improvement over more traditional processors. Eight simultaneous byte or four double-byte operations are possible. The new instructions are similar to those provided by DSP chips such as multiply and accumulate and are quite useful for linear processing operations like convolution. However, only four pixels may be processed simultaneously because of the limited dynamic range of byte data. Given the inherent limitations with respect to looping in SIMD hardware, nonlinear operations such as erosion and dilation would seem to be difficult to implement. However, special instructions are available for required operations. Benchmarks for a number of image-processing operations are provided in the paper to illustrate the advantages of the new multimedia extensions for vision applications.
There are two different kinds of elements in binary images: object pixels and background pixels. Many operations in imageprocessing can be applied only to convert simple pixels to background pixels. Some of these ope...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819425907
There are two different kinds of elements in binary images: object pixels and background pixels. Many operations in imageprocessing can be applied only to convert simple pixels to background pixels. Some of these operations require such conversions must not change the connectivity structures of original images. Thinning is one of these operations. This paper establishes theoretical results. Such results are implemented into a computer package. The package is useful in designing new 2D thinning algorithms and is helpful in establishing 3D computerized thinning systems.
As the industry moves towards open architecture standards, current imageprocessingsystems need to exploit the high computing throughput of commercially available parallel processing architectures in order to impleme...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819424897
As the industry moves towards open architecture standards, current imageprocessingsystems need to exploit the high computing throughput of commercially available parallel processing architectures in order to implement increasingly complex algorithms and systems. Adapting the inputs from a variety of visible and IR sensors to the unique requirements of multi-processingsystems is essential for development of high performance real-time imageprocessingsystems. This paper describes the architecture of the Hughes video Input Card (viC) which provides a programmable hardware interface between imaging sensors and a high-speed parallel processor interconnect bus. In addition to providing the sensor electrical interface, the viC supports important video processing functions by pre-conditioning the video data by the sensor electrical interface, the viC supports important video processing functions by pre-conditioning the video data by image windowing, flowing point data conversion, and pixel decimation. These programmable features, combined with the image windowing, flowing point data conversion, and pixel decimation. These programmable features, combined with the viC's interface to the high-speed RACEway, far exceed the capabilities of any front panel data port input.
The earlier papers on SKIPSM (Separated-Kernel imageprocessing using finite State machines) concentrated mainly on implementations using pipelined hardware. Because of the potential for significant speed increases, t...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819426377
The earlier papers on SKIPSM (Separated-Kernel imageprocessing using finite State machines) concentrated mainly on implementations using pipelined hardware. Because of the potential for significant speed increases, the technique has even more to offer for software implementations. However, the gigantic structuring elements (e.g., 51x51 in one pass) readily available in binary morphology using SKIPSM are not practical in grey-level morphology. Nevertheless, useful structuring element sizes can be achieved. This paper describes two such applications: dilation with a 7x7 square and a 7x7 octagon. Previous 2-D SKIPSM implementations had one row machine and one column machine. Two of the implementations described here follow this pattern, but the other has four machines: row, column, and the two 45-degree diagonals. In operation, all of these are one-pass algorithms: The next pixel is ''fetched'' from the input device, the two (or four) machines are updated in turn, and the resulting output pixel is written to the output device. All neighborhood information needed for processing is encoded in the state vectors of the finite-state machines. Therefore, no intermediate image stores are needed. Furthermore, even the input and output image stores can be eliminated if the image processor can keep up with the input pixel rate. Comparisons are provided between these finite-state-machine implementations and conventional implementation of the 2-step and 4-step decompositions, all based on the same structuring elements.
An application case history is detailed where machine vision was implemented in a closed loop process control setting. Specifically, a machine vision system was used to measure dimensions on aseptic packaging. These d...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819426377
An application case history is detailed where machine vision was implemented in a closed loop process control setting. Specifically, a machine vision system was used to measure dimensions on aseptic packaging. These dimensions were then compared to a nominal value and an error signal was generated based on the measurement deviation from nominal. This error signal was generated by the vision system in the form of a -10Vdc to 10Vdc analog signal proportional to the measurement deviation. In addition, the application made use of low angle lighting techniques, normalized correlation, and automatic part changeover and calibration.
The proceedings contain 32 papers. The topics discussed include: integrated machine vision technology for line-scan applications;binary dilation using SKIPSM: some interesting variations;a new design environment for d...
The proceedings contain 32 papers. The topics discussed include: integrated machine vision technology for line-scan applications;binary dilation using SKIPSM: some interesting variations;a new design environment for defect detection in web inspection systems;high-speed imageprocessingalgorithms using MMX hardware;software implementation of 2-D gray-level dilation using SKIPSM;software implementation of the SKIPSM paradigm under PIP;color measurements of non-homogenous colored flat surfaces using a PC-based color camera vision system;effects of aging on perception of motion;real-time implementation of a color sorting system;machine vision for the control of reflecting non plane surfaces;a comparative study of two different multiple expert architectures for robust object recognition;advantages of computer cameras over video cameras/frame grabbers for high speed vision applications;and highly integrated image sensors enable low cost imaging systems.
This paper describes a convergent algorithms that is able to construct a multi-scale fuzzy-wavelet system for efficient image recovery and compression. Given only part of the original image and a prescribed compressio...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819422347
This paper describes a convergent algorithms that is able to construct a multi-scale fuzzy-wavelet system for efficient image recovery and compression. Given only part of the original image and a prescribed compression error bound, a fuzzy system is firstly constructed at the coarsest scale. The fuzzy rules and corresponding membership functions can be stably extracted, and linguistic knowledge can also be combined with numerical one to make the scheme more flexible. Residual based wavelet system is then built to refine the performance by reaching certain fine scales. To increase the compression ratio, a reduction technique is developed to delete redundant fuzzy rules and wavelet nodes to make the whole fuzz-wavelet system as small as possible. The resulting image representation of the given image from coarse to fine scale is suitable for progressive transmission and video indexing purposes. An illustrative example is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the scheme.
This paper presents a fast implementation method for grayscale function processing (FP) systems. The proposed method is based on the matrix representation of the FP system using the basis matrix (BM) and the block bas...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819417718
This paper presents a fast implementation method for grayscale function processing (FP) systems. The proposed method is based on the matrix representation of the FP system using the basis matrix (BM) and the block basis matrix (BBM). The computational efficiency derives from recursive algorithms based on some characteristics of the BM and BBM matrices. It is shown that, with the proposed scheme, both opening and closing can be determined in real time by 2N - 2 additions and 2N - 2 comparisons, and open-closing and close-opening by 4N - 4 additions and 4N - 4 comparisons, when the size of the GSE is equal to N.
One of the primary inhibitory factors for resolution of automatic target recognition (ATR) performance problems has been the inability to quantitatively characterize low signal-to-noise (SNR) target detection and clas...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819418234
One of the primary inhibitory factors for resolution of automatic target recognition (ATR) performance problems has been the inability to quantitatively characterize low signal-to-noise (SNR) target detection and classification algorithms, especially those which are challenged by high spatial frequency backgrounds. The preceding work addressed obtaining classification statistics and geometric pattern referencing characteristics with the target mean intensity distribution commensurate with the background intensities. The current effort maintains a similar approach;however, the ratio of target-to-background intensity is significantly reduced. This is achieved by increasing the obscurant's ratio of differential scattering cross section-to- total cross section (albedo). The objective is to establish 50 percent of the edgels (target edge pixels) on the target at maximum sensor-to-target range in the presence of high spatial background frequencies, including obscurants. In addition precipitation rate and range, as well as variation in obscurant albedo, are assessed. Since scenario dynamics is sought, no attempt is made to resolve target edgels as a function of a single variable, for example precipitation. All variables are allowed to vary independently. The synthetic smoke generated for these plates incorporates the combat obscuration model for battlefield induced contaminants (COMBIC). The target and background imagery is taken in the LWIR by a Keewenaw Research Center (KRC) TMI FLIR. The final images are morphologically processed, segmented, high SNR scenes. The findings are that the target set need not be of a higher intensity than the surrounding imagery, as required in many matched filter operations;the target need only possess a higher intensity gradient than the background clutter and obscurants. Smoke and obscurant intensities may be significantly reduced, or even removed, by this type of morphological imageprocessing.
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