robots relying on vision as a primary sensor frequently need to track common objects such as people, cars, and tools in order to successfully perform autonomous navigation or grasping tasks. These objects may comprise...
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robots relying on vision as a primary sensor frequently need to track common objects such as people, cars, and tools in order to successfully perform autonomous navigation or grasping tasks. These objects may comprise many visual parts and attributes, yet image-based tracking algorithms are often keyed to only one of a target's identifying characteristics. In this paper, we present a framework for sharing information among disparate state estimation processes operating on the same underlying visual object. Well-known techniques for joint probabilistic data association are adapted to yield increased robustness when multiple trackers attuned to different visual cues are deployed simultaneously. We also formulate a measure of tracker confidence, based on distinctiveness and occlusion probability, which permits the deactivation of trackers before erroneous state estimates adversely affect the ensemble. We will discuss experiments using color-region- and snake-based tracking in tandem that demonstrate the efficacy of this approach.
A machine vision system has been developed to separate half cut peaches with small splinters from clean ones. The system uses the different spectral profile of both together with an ad hoc illuminating system. The sys...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819426407
A machine vision system has been developed to separate half cut peaches with small splinters from clean ones. The system uses the different spectral profile of both together with an ad hoc illuminating system. The system is capable of process 30 half peaches per second. The hardware and software solutions are described.
An intelligent robot is a remarkably useful combination of a manipulator, sensors and controls. The use of these machines in factory automation can improve productivity, increase product quality and improve competitiv...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819426407
An intelligent robot is a remarkably useful combination of a manipulator, sensors and controls. The use of these machines in factory automation can improve productivity, increase product quality and improve competitiveness. This paper presents a discussion of recent economic and technical trends. The robotics industry now has a billion-dollar market in the U.S. and is growing. Feasibility studies are presented which also show unaudited healthy rates of return for a variety of robotic applications. Technically, the machines are faster, cheaper, more repeatable, more reliable and safer. The knowledge base of inverse kinematic and dynamic solutions and intelligent controls is increasing. More attention is being given by industry to robots, vision and motion controls. New areas of usage are emerging for service robots, remote manipulators and automated guided vehicles. However, the road from inspiration to successful application is still long and difficult, often taking decades to achieve a new product. More cooperation between government, industry and universities is needed to speed the development of intelligentrobots that will benefit both industry and society.
Hand-eye coordination is the coupling between vision and manipulation. Visual servoing is the term applied to hand-eye coordination in robots. In recent years, research has demonstrated that active vision - active cen...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819426407
Hand-eye coordination is the coupling between vision and manipulation. Visual servoing is the term applied to hand-eye coordination in robots. In recent years, research has demonstrated that active vision - active central of camera position and camera parameters - facilitates a robot's interaction with the world. One aspect of active vision is centering an object in an image. This is known as gaze stabilization or fixation. This paper presents a new algorithm that applies target fixation to image-based visual servoing. This algorithm, called Fixation Point Servoing (FPS), uses target fixation to eliminate the need for Jacobian computation. Additionally, FPS requires only the rotation relationship between the camera head and the gripper frames and does not require accurate tracking of the gripper. FPS was tested on a robotics system called ISAC and experimental results are shown. FPS was also compared to a classical Jacobian-based technique using simulations of both algorithms.
When interacting with intelligent agents, it is vital to understand something of their intentions. Agents' itentions provide context in spoken dialog, help to define their future plans (and thus actions), and reve...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819426407
When interacting with intelligent agents, it is vital to understand something of their intentions. Agents' itentions provide context in spoken dialog, help to define their future plans (and thus actions), and reveal information about their beliefs. We propose a method by which agents' intentions are inferred by observing their actions. Explicit communication among agents is not permitted. The joint intentions framework(1) specifies the behaviors and obligations of agents that share in a cooperative intention. Our work focuses on the creation of such joint intentions through observation and plan recognition. The plan recognition structure uses Bayes Nets to reason from observations to actions, and Hidden Markov Models to reason from sequences of actions to intent.
This paper describes a method for expressing and manipulating position and orientation uncertainty in sensor-based robotics. The goal is to formulate a computational framework where the effects of accumulating uncerta...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819426407
This paper describes a method for expressing and manipulating position and orientation uncertainty in sensor-based robotics. The goal is to formulate a computational framework where the effects of accumulating uncertainties, originating from internal and external sensors, are shown as uncertainties in tool frame positions and orientations. The described method is based on using covariance matrices of position and orientation parameters. The used orientation parameters are xyz Euler angles. There are three different forms of spatial uncertainty and uncertainty manipulation involves transformations between these forms. These transformations are done by using linearisation around nominal relations. Paper presents the basic formulas for these transformations and also three calculation examples.
We advance new active computervisionalgorithms that classify objects and estimate their pose from intensity images. Our algorithms automatically re-position the sensor if the class or pose of an object is ambiguous ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819426407
We advance new active computervisionalgorithms that classify objects and estimate their pose from intensity images. Our algorithms automatically re-position the sensor if the class or pose of an object is ambiguous in a given image and incorporate data from multiple object views in determining the final object classification A feature space trajectory (PST) in a global eigenfeature space is used to represent 3-D distorted views of an object. Assuming that an observed feature vector consists of Gaussian noise added to a point on the FST, we derive a probability density function (PDF) for the observation conditioned on the class and pose of the object. Bayesian estimation and hypothesis testing theory are then used to derive approximations to the maximum a posteriori probability pose estimate and the minimum probability of error classifier. New confidence measures for the class and pose estimates: derived using Bayes theory, determine when additional observations are required as well as where the sensor should be positioned to provide the most useful information.
Inheritance or training in human vision? Training allows individual adaptation to environmental conditions, while genetics determine optimized constant i.e. long-term abilities. The biological engineering of the human...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819426407
Inheritance or training in human vision? Training allows individual adaptation to environmental conditions, while genetics determine optimized constant i.e. long-term abilities. The biological engineering of the human eye needs both inheritance and training to realize its high performances. Particularly during postnatal training of an eye, adaptive freedom is necessary and available. To test the part of training it would become necessary to experimentally determine the in vivo refractive index differences between cellular nuclei and cytoplasm in retinal nuclear layers before and after birth to see if diffractive optical tuning of trichromatism in a retinal 3D-grating is synchronized with the differentiation of 3 photopigments in photopic vision or if the specialization in photochemistry depends on crystal-optical preprocessing.
The paper introduces a technique for constructing a look-up table contains information about selected points in the state space of the nonlinear process to be controlled. The new states to which a specific state point...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819426407
The paper introduces a technique for constructing a look-up table contains information about selected points in the state space of the nonlinear process to be controlled. The new states to which a specific state point transfers when the process is issued different control commands are registered. The controller designed to make use of the table depends on the heuristic assumption that the behavior of the process at a specific state space point is similar to its behavior at a nearby point provided that the process is issued a similar control command at each state. The table design aspects for reducing the storage requirements and minimizing the computational effort for producing control decisions are investigated. The applicability of the controller is tested for the Tractor-Trailer Truck steering problem backing up at a constant speed. The truck backs up in an environment contains obstacles to be avoided. computer simulation of the truck and its controller has demonstrated workability.
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV's) have many potential applications in manufacturing, medicine, space and defense. The purpose of this paper is to describe exploratory research an the design of a modular autonomous...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0819426407
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV's) have many potential applications in manufacturing, medicine, space and defense. The purpose of this paper is to describe exploratory research an the design of a modular autonomous mobile robot controller. The controller incorporates a fuzzy logic approach Ear steering and speed control, a neuro-fuzzy approach for ultrasound sensing (not discussed in this paper) and an overall expert system. The advantages of a modular system are related to portability and transportability, i.e. any vehicle can become autonomous with minimal modifications. A mobile robot test-bed has been constructed using a golf cart base. This cart has full speed control with guidance provided by a vision system and obstacle avoidance using ultrasonic sensors. The speed and steering fuzzy logic controller is supervised by a 486 computer through a multi-axis motion controller. The obstacle avoidance system is based on a micro-controller interfaced with six ultrasonic transducers. This micro-controller independently handles all timing and distance calculations and sends a steering angle correction back to the computer via the serial line. This design yields a portable independent system in which high speed computer communication is not necessary. vision guidance is accomplished with a CCD camera with a zoom lens. The data is collected by a vision tracking device that transmits. the X,Y coordinates of the lane marker to the control computer. Simulation and resting of these systems yielded promising results. This design, in its modularity, creates a portable autonomous fuzzy logic controller applicable to any mobile vehicle with only minor adaptations.
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