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Testing and validating machine learning classifiers by metamorphic testing

Testing and validating machine learning classifiers by metam...

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作者： Xie, Xiaoyuan Ho, Joshua W.K. Murphy, Christian Kaiser, Gail Xu, Baowen Chen, Tsong Yueh Centre for Software Analysis and Testing Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn VIC 3122 Australia Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 United States Department of Computer Science Columbia University New York NY 10027 United States School of Computer Science and Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 210096 China State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology Department of Computer Science and Technology Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China Department of Computer and Information Science University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19103 United States

Machine learning algorithms have provided core functionality to many application domains - such as bioinformatics, computational linguistics, etc. However, it is difficult to detect faults in such applications because often there is no "test oracle" to verify the correctness of the computed outputs. To help address the software quality, in this paper we present a technique for testing the implementations of machine learning classification algorithms which support such applications. Our approach is based on the technique "metamorphic testing", which has been shown to be effective to alleviate the oracle problem. Also presented include a case study on a real-world machine learning application framework, and a discussion of how programmers implementing machine learning algorithms can avoid the common pitfalls discovered in our study. We also conduct mutation analysis and cross-validation, which reveal that our method has high effectiveness in killing mutants, and that observing expected cross-validation result alone is not sufficiently effective to detect faults in a supervised classification program. The effectiveness of metamorphic testing is further confirmed by the detection of real faults in a popular open-source classification program. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Learning algorithms

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A model-based schedule representation for heterogeneous mapping of dataflow graphs

A model-based schedule representation for heterogeneous mapp...

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25th IEEE international parallel and distributed Processing symposium, Workshops and Phd Forum, IPDPSW 2011

作者： Wu, Hsiang-Huang Shen, Chung-Ching Sane, Nimish Plishker, William Bhattacharyya, Shuvra S. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Institute for Advanced Computer Studies University of Maryland College Park MD United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780769543857

Dataflow-based application specifications are widely used in model-based design methodologies for signal processing systems. In this paper, we develop a new model called the dataflow schedule graph (DSG) for representing a broad class of dataflow graph schedules. The DSG provides a graphical representation of schedules based on dataflow semantics. In conventional approaches, applications are represented using dataflow graphs, whereas schedules for the graphs are represented using specialized notations, such as various kinds of sequences or looping constructs. In contrast, the DSG approach employs dataflow graphs for representing both application models and schedules that are derived from them. Our DSG approach provides a precise, formal framework for unambiguously representing, analyzing, manipulating, and interchanging schedules. We develop detailed formulations of the DSG representation, and present examples and experimental results that demonstrate the utility of DSGs in the context of heterogeneous signal processing system design. © 2011 IEEE.

关键词： Data flow analysis

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Partitioned or non-partitioned table storage? Concepts and performance for multi-tenancy in RDBMS

Partitioned or non-partitioned table storage? Concepts and p...

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20th international Conference on software engineering and Data engineering, SEDE 2011

作者： Schiller, Oliver Brodt, Andreas Mitschang, Bernhard Applications of Parallel and Distributed Systems IPVS Universität Stuttgart Universitätsstr. 38 70569 Stuttgart Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781880843826

For implementing software as a Service (SaaS) with RDBMS, Shared Table that consolidates multiple tenants onto one relational schema turned out beneficial because of low overheads per tenant and scalable manageability. The standard storage concept of Shared Table intermingles tuples of multiple tenants within table pages and index pages. This concept lacks support for tenant-oriented administrative operations and loses fast sequential access to all tuples of a tenant. An alternative storage concept, that gets rid of these issues, partitions table storage by tenant. To judge the applicability of this concept, it is compelling to understand its performance characteristics with respect to query processing. We contribute a comparative performance study between the standard storage concept of Shared Table and tenant-partitioned table storage with non-partitioned global indexes. For this purpose, we additionally contribute a tenant-aware database benchmark. Finally, we conclude that both approaches have their strengths with respect to query processing performance.

关键词： Query processing

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2011 7th international symposium on Advanced Topics in Electrical engineering, ATEE 2011

2011 7th International Symposium on Advanced Topics in Elect...

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2011 7th international symposium on Advanced Topics in Electrical engineering, ATEE 2011

ISBN: (纸本)9781457705076

The proceedings contain 132 papers. The topics discussed include: supercapacitors used as an energy source to drive the short urban electric vehicles;magnetic coupling analysis in wireless transfer energy;considerations on the simulation models of AC plunger-type magnets;mixed mode verification of PLC based control systems;wheat seeds separation in high-intensity electric field;considerations about the using of cadence software for simulation issues of electrostatic phenomena;efficient modeling of homogenous layers in high frequency integrated circuits;dependence of simulated ECT signal on defect conductivity;magnetic experimental investigation of ferrite nanoparticles used in hybrid biomaterials;analysis of coupled oscillators by state variable method;numerical analysis of a PM synchronous motor used in electrical vehicles;and parallel algorithms for the efficient extraction of fitting based reduced order models.

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Using a local prefetch strategy to obtain temporal time predictability

Using a local prefetch strategy to obtain temporal time pred...

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2011 14th IEEE international symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-Time distributed Computing Workshops, ISORCW 2011

作者： Cilku, Bekim Puschner, Peter Institute of Computer Engineering Vienna University of Technology A1040 Wien Austria

ISBN: (纸本)9780769543772

Today's embedded systems are considering cache as inherent part of their design. Unfortunately, cache memory behavior heavily depends on the past references which model a large execution history and makes WCET analysis impractical. This paper presents a novel prefetch memory mechanism that simplifies the prediction of cache hits/misses because the memory access times are independent of the execution history. We use local prefetching into on-chip memory together with a custom-designed prefetch controller instead of cache memories to provide for time-predictable memory accesses. To be competitive in code execution time, our approach relies on a special organization of main memory and on a modified compiler that generates code layouts to allow for parallel prefetching from different memory banks. The proposed solution is still in a conceptual phase. The paper discusses design decisions and parameters to be explored. © 2011 IEEE.

关键词： Cache memory

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Toward the ubiquitously networked society: QoS-aware residential gateway with ZigBee-based network

Toward the ubiquitously networked society: QoS-aware residen...

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international symposium on Wireless and Pervasive Computing

作者： Tseng, Pei-Chen Hwang, Wen-Shyang Department of Information Engineering and Informatics Tzu Chi College of Technology Taiwan Department of Electrical Engineering National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9781424498673

Our earlier embedded QoS-aware residential gateway (EmQRG) for real-time class-based queuing (CBQ) bandwidth management is reviewed and experimentally demonstrated. EmQRG's high QoS is demonstrated in conjunction with a wireless ZigBee network of temperature/humidity monitoring sensors. Critically, the EmQRG sends a top-priority over-temperature alarm when any temperature/humidity module reports a temperature exceeding a preset value. This emergency signal has top EmQRG transmission priority. Experiments verify the over-temperature alarm sends/receives "immediately" regardless of heavy network congestion or bottlenecking. The presented system easily expands to extensive networks containing many parallel systems or embedded sub-systems. The presented system is cost-effective implementable with available hardware and software. © 2011 IEEE.

关键词： Home networks

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A recursive algorithm for scheduling of tasks in a heterogeneous distributed environment

A recursive algorithm for scheduling of tasks in a heterogen...

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2011 4th international Conference on Biomedical engineering and Informatics, BMEI 2011

作者： Kang, Yan Lin, Ying Department of Software Engineering School of Software Yunnan University Kunming Yunnan China

ISBN: (纸本)9781424493524

Optimal scheduling of parallel tasks with some precedence is critical for achieving high performance in heterogeneous computing system. The application scheduling is known to be NP-complete in general cases. The complexity of the problem increase when task scheduling is to be done in a heterogeneous environment. This paper presents a recursive task scheduling algorithm for a bounded number of heterogeneous processors run on the network of Heterogeneous systems. It is three-phase task scheduling algorithm. The task-prioritizing phase is to is to compute the upward rank of each task and assign the priority to all tasks. The processor selection phase is to schedule the tasks onto the processors that give the latest start time for the task. The moving phase is to move all the possible tasks until the starting time of the entry task is zero. The performance of the algorithm is illustrated by comparing the scheduling length ratio, frequency of best results with the existing effectively scheduling algorithms, Heterogeneous Earliest Finish Time and Iterative List Scheduling algorithm. © 2011 IEEE.

关键词： Scheduling algorithms

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CABdedupe: A causality-based deduplication performance booster for cloud backup services

CABdedupe: A causality-based deduplication performance boost...

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25th IEEE international parallel and distributed Processing symposium, IPDPS 2011

作者： Tan, Yujuan Jiang, Hong Feng, Dan Tian, Lei Yan, Zhichao School of Computer Science and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology China Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Nebraska-Lincoln United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780769543857

Due to the relatively low bandwidth of WAN (Wide Area Network) that supports cloud backup services, both the backup time and restore time in the cloud backup environment are in desperate need for reduction to make cloud backup a practical and affordable service for small businesses and telecommuters alike. Existing solutions that employ the deduplication technology for cloud backup services only focus on removing redundant data from transmission during backup operations to reduce the backup time, while paying little attention to the restore time that we argue is an important aspect and affects the overall quality of service of the cloud backup services. In this paper, we propose a CAusality-Based deduplication performance booster for both cloud backup and restore operations, called CABdedupe, which captures the causal relationship among chronological versions of datasets that are processed in multiple backups/restores, to remove the unmodified data from transmission during not only backup operations but also restore operations, thus to improve both the backup and restore performances. CABdedupe is a middleware that is orthogonal to and can be integrated into any existing backup system. Our extensive experiments, where we integrate CABdedupe into two existing backup systems and feed real world datasets, show that both the backup time and restore time are significantly reduced, with a reduction ratio of up to 103:1. © 2011 IEEE.

关键词： Wide area networks

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A Lightweight, Component-Based Approach to engineering Reconfigurable Embedded Real-Time Control software

A Lightweight, Component-Based Approach to Engineering Recon...

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IEEE international symposium on parallel and distributed Processing with Applications Workshops (ISPAW)

作者： Jagun Kwon Stephen Hailes University College London London UK

The cost of poor or repeat engineering in complex control systems is extremely high, and flexibility in software design and implementation is one of the key factors in staying competitive in the market. Complexity can be managed most effectively if the underlying software systems support structured, standardised, high-level abstraction layers that encapsulate unnecessary details behind well-defined interfaces. Moreover, since the costs of software maintenance are often as high as that of initial development, the ease with which it is possible flexibly to reconfigure, re-engineer, and replace software components in operational systems is also critical. In this paper, we present a lightweight, component-based approach to engineering embedded real-time control software, which is realized in the form of a middleware system named MIREA. The middleware supports dynamic reconfiguration of components written in C/C++, and addresses variability management in relation to non-functional properties, such as quality-of-service (QoS) and real-time scheduling. Users are allowed to componentize existing libraries easily, such as the standard NIST 4D/Real-time Control systems (RCS) library, which has been successfully used in many U.S government-driven intelligent control projects, and to reuse them as dynamically reconfigurable components. A realistic illustration is provided showing how control systems are structured and reconfigured using our approach. In fact, we discuss our approach to control using a fusion of NIST RCS as a means of architecting a real time control system and MIREA as a means of realising that architecture. Our progress to date suggests that MIREA is indeed well suited as a middleware facilitating the construction of efficient, lightweight, and scalable real-time embedded control systems.

关键词： Middleware Batteries Real time systems software Control systems Runtime Monitoring

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An agent-based approach to reconciling data heterogeneity in cyber-physical systems

An agent-based approach to reconciling data heterogeneity in...

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25th IEEE international parallel and distributed Processing symposium, Workshops and Phd Forum, IPDPSW 2011

作者： Lin, Jing Sedigh, Sahra Hurson, Ali R. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Missouri University of Science and Technology Rolla MI 65409-0040 United States Department of Computer Science Missouri University of Science and Technology Rolla MI 65409-0040 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780769543857

Computing and communication devices in any cyber-physical system (CPS) of non-trivial scale exhibit significant heterogeneity. Critical infrastructure systems, which are prime examples of CPSs, are no exception. The extent of networking capability, decentralized control, and more generally, integration between the cyber and physical infrastructures can vary greatly within a large-scale CPS. Other manifestations of heterogeneity in CPSs are in the resolution, syntax, and semantics of data collected by sensors from the physical infrastructure. Similar challenges complicate the use of databases that maintain past sensor data, device settings, or information about the physical infrastructure. The work presented in this paper aims to address these challenges by using the summary schemas model (SSM), which enables heterogeneous data sources to be queried with an unrestricted view and/or terminology. This support for imprecise queries significantly broadens the scope of data that can be used for intelligent decision support and carries the promise of increased reliability and performance for the CPS. We seek to ensure that ambiguity and imprecision do not accompany this expanded scope. The ultimate goal of a CPS is to fortify and streamline the operation of its physical infrastructure. The success of this task is contingent upon correct and efficient interpretation of data describing the state of the physical components, and the constraints to which it is subject. To this end, we propose agent-based semantic interpretation services that extract meaningful and useful information from raw data from heterogeneous sources, aided by the SSM. The proposed approach is described in the context of intelligent water distribution networks, which are cyber-physical critical infrastructure systems responsible for reliable delivery of potable water. The methodology is general, and can be extended to a broad range of CPSs, including smart power grids and intelligent transportation system

关键词： Cyber Physical System

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