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Benzobisthiadiazole-Based Small Molecular Near-Infrared-ii Fluorophores: From Molecular engineering to Nanophototheranostics

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ACS NANO 2024年第6期18卷 4683-4703页

作者： Wang, Leichen Li, Na Wang, Weili Mei, Anqing Shao, Jinjun Wang, Wenjun Dong, Xiaochen Nanjing Tech Univ NanjingTech Key Lab Flexible Elect KLOFE Nanjing 211816 Peoples R China Nanjing Tech Univ NanjingTech Inst Adv Mat IAM Nanjing 211816 Peoples R China Liaocheng Univ Sch Physicals & Informat Technol Liaocheng 252059 Shandong Peoples R China Jiangsu Normal Univ Sch Chem & Mat Sci Xuzhou 221116 Jiangsu Peoples R China

Organic fluorescent molecules with emission in the second near-infrared (NIR-ii) biological window have aroused increasing investigation in cancer phototheranostics. Among these studies, Benzobisthiadiazole (BBT), with high electron affinity, is widely utilized as the electron acceptor in constructing donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) structured fluorophores with intensive near-infrared (NIR) absorption and NIR-ii fluorescence. Until now, numerous BBT-based NIR-ii dyes have been employed in tumor phototheranostics due to their exceptional structure tunability, biocompatibility, and photophysical properties. This review systematically overviews the research progress of BBT-based small molecular NIR-ii dyes and focuses on molecule design and bioapplications. First, the molecular engineering strategies to fine-tune the photophysical properties in constructing the high-performance BBT-based NIR-ii fluorophores are discussed in detail. Then, their biological applications in optical imaging and phototherapy are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects of BBT-based NIR-ii fluorescent dyes are also summarized. This review is believed to significantly promote the further progress of BBT-derived NIR-ii fluorophores for cancer phototheranostics.

关键词： benzobisthiadiazole NIR-ii fluorophores molecularengineering phototheranostics NIR-ii fluorescenceimaging photoacoustic imaging photothermal therapy multimodal therapy

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Acceptor engineering of MRI-sensitive conjugated polymers for tumor microenvironment-responsive bio-imaging and combined therapy

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CHEMICAL engineering JOURNAL 2025年 504卷

作者： Li, Xiliang Lu, Ziwei Gao, Yijian Yang, Yuliang Huang, Zhongming Liu, Ying Ma, Yujie Wang, Yu Du, Enming Li, Shengliang Soochow Univ Affiliated Hosp 1 Coll Pharmaceut Sci Suzhou Med Coll Suzhou 215123 Peoples R China Soochow Univ Affiliated Hosp 1 Dept Radiol Suzhou 215006 Peoples R China Zhengzhou Univ Henan Eye Hosp Henan Prov Peoples Hosp Peoples Hosp Zhengzhou 450003 Peoples R China Henan Acad Innovat Med Sci Henan Eye Inst Zhengzhou 450003 Peoples R China

Enormous developments have been achieved in the design of organic theranostics agents simultaneously with diagnostic and therapeutic performances, especially in the second near-infrared (NIR-ii, 1000-1700 nm) window. One major challenge for the further progress of organic theranostics agents is the rarity of efficient materials simultaneously integrated with optical and magnetic performances, especially with tumor-responsive performance. Herein, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-sensitive, NIR-ii-excitable conjugated polymer material is developed as a multifunctional nanoplatform for efficient tumor microenvironment (TME)-activated multimodal cancer theranostics. With D-A molecular engineering and ferrocene anchoring, the absorption capability of ferrocene-typed conjugated polymers (FCPs) can be rationally regulated to achieve NIR-ii absorption. The water-dispersive FCP-3 NPs demonstrate superior NIR-ii-excitable photothermal performance (PCE = 54 %) and T2-weighted MRI responses toward tumor endogenous H2O2. Upon NIR-ii irradiation, FCP-3 NPs can efficiently generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) through NIR-ii photothermal-augmented Fenton reaction in the TME. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments confirm that the FCP-3 NPs have high-performance combination therapy of NIR-ii photothermal therapy and augmented chemodynamic therapy with TME-sensitive magnetic resonance and photoacoustic dual-modal imaging, which realizes 100 % tumor elimination with high safety. This work offers a major step toward designing tumor microenvironment-activated polymeric materials for smart multimodal cancer theranostics.

关键词： Tumor microenvironment MRI NIR-ii Photothermal Conjugated polymer

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Ligand Effects on the Emission Characteristics of Molecular Eu(ii) Luminescence Thermometers

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024年第49期146卷 34118-34129页

作者： Diaz-Rodriguez, Roberto M. Galico, Diogo A. Chartrand, Daniel Murugesu, Muralee Univ Ottawa Dept Chem & Biomol Sci Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada Univ Montreal Dept Chem Montreal PQ H3T 1J4 Canada

Discrete molecular organometallic europium(ii) complexes are promising functional materials due to their ability to behave as highly sensitive band-shift luminescence thermometers. Furthering our understanding of the design principles salient to the emission behavior of such systems is important for developing them in this emerging application. To this end, a series of pseudo-C 4v -symmetric organometallic europium(ii) complexes bearing systematically varying ligand sets were synthesized and characterized to probe the influence of subtle structural modification on their optical properties. Opto-structural correlation analyses via variable-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence spectroscopy reveal a remarkable variability in properties among structurally similar complexes and a convoluted dependence of the emission characteristics on the stereoelectronic properties of the ligands. A few factors of particular influence are nevertheless identified, including the distance between the europium(ii) ion and the basal plane of the square-pyramidal coordination polyhedron, the presence of pendant electron density that might further interact with the excited-state 5d orbitals, and, qualitatively, the metal-ligand flexibility of the construct. These results help to elucidate principles that govern the luminescence properties of organometallic europium(ii) complexes with an eye to enabling the rational design of high-performance luminescence thermometers of this genre.

关键词： Single crystals

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design of photonic crystals for nanokelvin-resolution thermometry

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SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL 2024年 379卷

作者： Tekmedash, Mohammad Shoghi Reihani, Amin Rutgers State Univ Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn Piscataway NJ 08854 USA Rutgers State Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Piscataway NJ USA

High-resolution thermometry is key for the development of calorimeters, bolometers, and high-stability light sources, as well as for probing dissipation and transport in microelectronics and quantum devices. Achieving nanokelvin-level temperature resolution at room temperature requires using large optical cavities, which are unsuitable for microscale integration. Here we computationally design a one-dimensional photonic crystal Band Edge Thermometer that achieves significant temperature sensitivity by combining: (i) the abrupt variation in optical properties of a direct bandgap semiconductor at the band edge, and (ii) a large quality factor in a resonant photonic structure. Two devices are designed which are constructed from GaAs/AlAs and GaN/AlN multilayer structures. The optimal sensor design features an extremely large thermoreflectance coefficient of 60.6 K-1 and a thermal time constant of 1.1 mu s, with a sensor thickness of only 6.7 mu m. The projected thermometry noise floor is 84 ***-1/2 for the GaAs/AlAs sensor and 35 ***-1/2 for the GaN/AlN sensor. The designed sensor architecture is expected to enable a broad range of applications in microcalorimetry and bolometry where a high temperature resolution combined with microscale sensor footprint is required.

关键词： Nanokelvin-resolution Thermometry Non-contact Thermometry Photonic Crystal Micro-thermometer Thermoreflectance Coefficient

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design and performance of GaSb-based quantum cascade detectors

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NANOPHOTONICS 2024年第10期13卷 1773-1780页

作者： Giparakis, Miriam Windischhofer, Andreas Isceri, Stefania Schrenk, Werner Schwarz, Benedikt Strasser, Gottfried Andrews, Aaron Maxwell TU Wien Inst Solid State Elect Gusshausstr 25 A-1040 Vienna Austria TU Wien Ctr Micro & Nanostruct Gusshausstr 25 A-1040 Vienna Austria

InAs/AlSb quantum cascade detectors (QCDs) grown strain-balanced on GaSb substrates are presented. This material system offers intrinsic performance-improving properties, like a low effective electron mass of the well material of 0.026 m(0), enhancing the optical transition strength, and a high conduction band offset of 2.28 eV, reducing the noise and allowing for high optical transition energies. InAs and AlSb strain balance each other on GaSb with an InAs:AlSb ratio of 0.96:1. To regain the freedom of a lattice-matched material system regarding the optimization of a QCD design, submonolayer InSb layers are introduced. With strain engineering, four different active regions between 3.65 and 5.5 mu m were designed with InAs:AlSb thickness ratios of up to 2.8:1, and subsequently grown and characterized. This includes an optimized QCD design at 4.3 mu m, with a room-temperature peak responsivity of 26.12 mA/W and a detectivity of 1.41 x 10(8) Jones. Additionally, all QCD designs exhibit higher-energy interband signals in the mid- to near-infrared, stemming from the InAs/AlSb type-ii alignment and the narrow InAs band gap.

关键词： quantum cascade detector mid-infrared detection molecular beam epitaxy iiI-V semiconductors InAs/AlSb on GaSb

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A chemometric approach using I-optimal design for optimising Pb(ii) removal using bentonite-chitosan composites and beads

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JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024年 370卷 122557页

作者： Majiya, Hassan Clegg, Francis Sammon, Chris Sheffield Hallam Univ Mat & Engn Res Inst City Campus Sheffield S1 1WB S Yorkshire England Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida Univ Fac Nat Sci Dept Biol Sci Minna Rd Lapai 911101 Niger State Nigeria

This paper reports adsorption studies of Pb(ii) ions onto Bentonite-Chitosan (Bt-Ch) composites or beads using an I-optimal design experiment approach. Three adsorption factors (pH, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration) were optimised whilst simultaneously investigating multiple adsorbents. The Bt-Ch composites and beads (type A and B) adsorbents were made using weight ratios 90%/10% and differed characteristically to their preparation methods of solution blending and precipitation, respectively. A batch procedure was used adsorption experiments, and the amounts of Pb(ii) ions (adsorbed onto Bt-Ch composites/beads) were analysed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Adsorption experimental parameters were analysed and optimised by using a response surface method (I-optimal design) generated from design Expert (R) 13.0 software. The main achievements of this study were to intensify the understanding and application of I-optimal experimental designs, which allow simultaneous determination of adsorption capacities and ciencies across multiple adsorbents in an economical manner. A reduced quadratic model provided the best the experimental data and exhibited minimal deviation between predicted and experimental values. This evidenced by the very small covariance (CV) values of 1.81% and 1.33% observed for adsorption capacity adsorption efficiency, respectively, also suggesting high reproducibility. It was observed that the adsorption factors studied (pH, adsorbent dose, and initial concentration) have a more pronounced effect on the adsorption capacity (F-value = 714.37) compared to adsorption efficiency (F-value = 140.62). Adsorbent dosage was found to have the greatest effect on adsorption capacity, while the initial pH of Pb(ii) solution had the greatest effect adsorption efficiency. Under optimal conditions, the adsorption capacities of beads-A (73.2 mg/g) and beads (77.6 mg/g) were found to be higher than that of the corresp

关键词： I-optimal design Pb(ii) adsorption Bentonite-chitosan composites

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design of AIE-active Schiff-bases: Mechanochromic, Thermochromic and Sensing Studies

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CHEMISTRYSELECT 2024年第44期9卷

作者： Malla, Mahraj Din Malik, Asif A. Ahangar, Aadil A. Dey, Somnath Sharma, Nandini Jose, D. Amilan Chopra, Deepak Dar, Aijaz A. Univ Kashmir Dept Chem Crystal Engn Lab Srinagar 190006 Jammu & Kashmir India IISER Bhopal Dept Chem Crystallog & Crystal Chem Lab Bhopal Bypass Rd Bhopal 462066 Madhya Pradesh India Natl Inst Technol Dept Chem Kurukshetra 136119 Haryana India

There is a notable shift toward organic functional materials for their advantages in terms of availability, processability and biodegradability. Solid-state organic emitters, though rare, are fascinating with diverse range of applications. In this work we utilize crystal engineering principles to design Schiff bases 1 and 2, to realize solid state emission and its tuning. The products have been characterized and studied through crystallographic, Hirshfeld, and optical studies. Structural studies validate crystallization of 1 and 2 with a molecule of methanol and water, respectively, and their packing is predominantly aided by solvent assisted hydrogen bonding, while the pi-pi stacking interactions are absent. Crystalline solids are emissive: 1 (lambda max 474 nm, tau 0.35 +/- 0.04 ns) and 2 (481 nm, 1.80 +/- 0.07 ns) and aggregation induced emission (AIE) active. Mechano and thermo-fluorochromic responses of the products are attributed to phase changes triggered by grinding and desolvation, respectively. The nonemissive solutions of 1 and 2 detect presence of Pb(ii) /Hg(ii) through emission turn-on, with limit of detection (LOD) values in the range of 0.0017-0.0022 ppb, while picric acid sensing is reported by their AIE luminogen (AIEgen) forms with LOD values of 0.0017 ppb and 0.0034 ppb, respectively.

关键词： Crystal engineering Pb(ii) and Hg(ii) Picric acid Solid-state emission Thin-films

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Molecularly Engineered NIR-ii Emitting Carbon Dots Assemblies for Unprecedented High-Resolution Angiography and Synergistic Photodynamic/Photothermal Tumor Therapy

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CHEMICAL engineering JOURNAL 2025年 505卷

作者： Xue, Xiaokuang Li, Jian Chen, Tiejin Cui, Minhui Liang, Huanyi Zhang, Yunxiu Xue, Mianqi Xiao, Haihua Ge, Jiechao Wang, Pengfei Chinese Acad Sci Tech Inst Phys & Chem Beijing 100190 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Beijing Natl Lab Mol Sci Lab Polymer Phys & Chem Inst Chem Beijing 100190 Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Sch Future Technol Beijing 100049 Peoples R China

Carbon dots (CDs) have recently gained attention in near-infrared (NIR, 700-1700 nm) bioimaging and image- guided tumor phototherapy due to their outstanding optical properties and favorable biocompatibility. However, constructing CDs for NIR-ii fluorescence imaging-guided phototherapy remains challenging. In this study, we present molecularly engineered NIR-ii emitting carbon dots assemblies (NECDs-A) for advanced NIR-ii bioimaging and synergistic photodynamic therapy (PDT)/photothermal tumor therapy (PTT). By using terephthalaldehyde and pyrrole as specifically selected precursors, the resulting NECDs-A feature a large conjugated framework, with high graphitic nitrogen content and abundant surface carbonyl groups. These structural characteristics enable NECDs-A to exhibit NIR-ii fluorescence emission, with a peak at 950 nm and a maximum wavelength extending beyond 1400 nm, achieving precise tumor visualization and high signal-to-noise ratio whole-body angiography. Additionally, the as-prepared NECDs-A demonstrate type-I photodynamic activity and a high photothermal conversion efficiency (eta = 45.3 %) under 808 nm laser irradiation. In vitro and in vivo studies confirm their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and heat, leading to efficient image- guided tumor eradication without noticeable toxicity. This work provides a new example of NIR-ii emitting CDs design strategies and their application in tumor phototherapy guided by NIR-ii imaging.

关键词： Carbon dots NIR-ii imaging Angiography Phototherapy

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Novel Metal-Organic Framework and Crystal engineering of Bismorpholinium Mercury(ii) Tribromo Chloride (BMMC) for Optoelectronic Applications

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CRYSTAL GROWTH & design 2024年第4期24卷 1632-1647页

作者： Maadhu, Thiyagarajan Jauhar, Ro Mu Raja, Arumugam Vediyappan, Sivasubramani Viswanathan, V. Gandhiraj, Vinitha Senthil Pandian, Muthu Vellore Inst Technol Sch Adv Sci Div Phys Chennai 600127 India Saveetha Univ Saveetha Sch Engn Dept Phys SIMATS Chennai 602105 India Univ Salerno CNR SPIN I-84084 Salerno Italy Xinjiang Tech Inst Phys & Chem Res Ctr Crystal Mat CAS Key Lab Funct Mat & Devices Special Environm CAS Urumqi 830011 Peoples R China All India Inst Med Sci AIIMS Dept Biophys New Delhi 110029 India Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar Coll Engn SSN Res Ctr Dept Phys Chennai 603110 Tamil Nadu India

optically transparent novel metal-organic nonlinear optical single crystals of bismorpholinium mercury-(ii) tribromo chloride (BMMC) were grown adopting a slow evaporation technique (SEST). The formation of a new crystalline structure and the morphology of the title material were revealed through single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD). The space group of the title compound is found to be P2(1)/c in the monoclinic crystal system. The unit cell has four molecules adduced into it (the unit cell parameters of a, b, and c are 6.8056(6), 14.0027(10), and 17.2152(14), respectively). The grown crystal's crystalline phase and crystalline quality were analyzed through a powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) study. The formation of new molecular structures and multifarious functional groups was unveiled through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) analyses, respectively. The title compound is found to have a lower cutoff wavelength of 328 nm with 75% in the visible region. The crucial thermal parameters such as thermal stability, decomposition, and melting characteristics of the BMMC crystal have been determined using thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The laser damage threshold of the grown crystal was found to be 2.242 GW/cm(2) with the irradiation of nanosecond, 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser. Third-order nonlinearity of the BMMC crystal was evaluated by Z-scan measurements. The optical limiting (OL) property of the crystal grown has an amplitude of 532 mW and a threshold of 28 mW, respectively.

关键词： Single crystals

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An Emerging Toolkit of Ho³⁺ Sensitized Lanthanide Nanocrystals with NIR-ii Excitation and Emission for in Vivo Bioimaging

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2025年第2期147卷 2182-2192页

作者： Wang, Xusheng Wu, Wenxiao Yun, Baofeng Huang, Liwen Chen, Zi-Han Ming, Jiang Zhai, Fuheng Zhang, Hongxin Zhang, Fan Fudan Univ Shanghai Key Lab Mol Catalysis & Innovat Mat Dept Chem Lab Adv MatState Key Lab Mol Engn Polymers Shanghai 200433 Peoples R China

optical imaging in the second near-infrared window (NIR-ii, 1000-1700 nm) holds great promise for biomedical detection due to reduced tissue scattering and autofluorescence. However, the rational design of NIR-ii probes with superior excitation wavelengths to balance the effects of tissue scattering and water absorption remains a great challenge. To address this issue, here we developed a series of Ho3+-sensitized lanthanide (Ln) nanocrystals (NaYF4: Ho, Ln@NaYF4) excited at 1143 nm, featuring tunable emissions ranging from 1000 to 2200 nm for in vivo bioimaging. Precise core-shell engineering (beta-NaYF4: Ho@NaYF4: Ln@NaYF4 and beta-NaYF4: Ho/Yb@NaYbF4@NaYbF4: Ln@NaYF4) further endows the Ho3+-sensitized system with the capability of energy migration within interfaces, enabling more abundant visible and NIR-ii emissions that are unattainable in co-doped structures due to detrimental cross relaxation. Tissue phantom studies demonstrated the superior tissue penetration ability of 1143 photons, especially in imaging experiments through the highly photon-scattering skull, where the fluorescence transmittance of 1143 nm excited nanocrystals was 15% and 10% higher than that of the conventional 808 and 980 excitation, respectively. By leveraging these Ho3+-sensitized nanomaterials with multiemission characteristics and well-selected lanthanide nanomaterials with crosstalk-free excitation, we achieved six-channel NIR-ii in vivo imaging, enabling the simultaneous visualization of blood vessels, liver, spleen, stomach, intestine, subcutaneous tumors, and lymph nodes in mice. Our research provides new insights into the design of lanthanide nanocrystals with NIR-ii excitation and emission and highlights the potential of these materials in in vivo multichannel detection.

关键词： Tissue

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