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2005 acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, pldi 05

作者： Luk, Chi-Keung Cohn, Robert Muth, Robert Patil, Harish Klauser, Artur Lowney, Geoff Wallace, Steven Reddi, Vijay Janapa Hazelwood, Kim Intel Corporation University of Colorado

Robust and powerful software instrumentation tools are essential for program analysis tasks such as profiling, performance evaluation, and bug detection. To meet this need, we have developed a new instrumentation system called Pin. Our goals are to provide easy-to-use, portable, transparent, and efficient instrumentation. Instrumentation tools (called Pintools) are written in C/C++ using Pin's rich API. Pin follows the model of ATOM, allowing the tool writer to analyze an application at the instruction level with-out the need for detailed knowledge of the underlying instruction set. The API is designed to be architecture independent whenever possible, making Pintools source compatible across different architectures. However, a Pintool can access architecture-specific details when necessary. Instrumentation with Pin is mostly transparent as the application and Pintool observe the application's original, uninstrumented behavior. Pin uses dynamic compilation to instrument executables while they are running. For efficiency, Pin uses several techniques, including inlining, register re-allocation, liveness analysis, and instruction scheduling to optimize instrumentation. This fully automated approach delivers significantly better instrumentation performance than similar tools. For example, Pin is 3.3x faster than Valgrind and 2x faster than DynamoRIO for basic-block counting. To illustrate Pin's versatility, we describe two Pintools in daily use to analyze production software. Pin is publicly available for Linux platforms on four architectures: IA32 (32-bit x86), EM64T (64-bit x86), Itanium®, and ARM. In the ten months since Pin 2 was released in July 2004, there have been over 3000 downloads from its website. Copyright 2005 acm.

关键词： Computer programming

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A Lightweight Polyglot Code Transformation language

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE acm ON programming languageS-PacmPL 2024年第PLDI期8卷 1288-1312页

作者： Ketkar, Ameya Ramos, Daniel Clapp, Lazaro Barik, Raj Ramanathan, Murali Krishna Gitar Inc San Mateo CA 94403 USA Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Univ Lisbon INESC ID IST Lisbon Portugal Amazon Web Serv Santa Clara CA USA Uber Technol Inc San Francisco CA USA

In today's software industry, large-scale, multi-language codebases are the norm. This brings substantial challenges in developing automated tools for code maintenance tasks such as API migration or dead code cleanup. Tool builders often find themselves caught between two less-than-ideal tooling options: (1) language-specific code rewriting tools or (2) generic, lightweight match-replace transformation tools with limited expressiveness. The former leads to tool fragmentation and a steep learning curve for each language, while the latter forces developers to create ad-hoc, throwaway scripts to handle realistic tasks. To fill this gap, we introduce a new declarative domain-specific language (DSL) for expressing interdependent multi-language code transformations. Our key insight is that we can increase the expressiveness and applicability of lightweight match-replace tools by extending them to support for composition, ordering, and flow. We implemented an open-source tool for our language, called PolyglotPiranha, and deployed it in an industrial setting. We demonstrate its effectiveness through three case studies, where it deleted 210K lines of dead code and migrated 20K lines, across 1611 pull requests. We compare our DSL against state-of-the-art alternatives, and show that the tools we developed are faster, more concise, and easier to maintain.

关键词： Source-code rewriting Automated refactoring Code cleanup

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language-independent sandboxing of just-in-time compilation and self-modifying code 11

Language-independent sandboxing of just-in-time compilation ...

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32nd acm conference on programming language design and implementation, pldi 2011

作者： Ansel, Jason Marchenko, Petr Erlingsson, Ulfar Taylor, Elijah Chen, Brad Schuff, Derek L. Sehr, David Biffle, Cliff L. Yee, Bennet Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology United States University College London United Kingdom Google Inc. United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450306638

When dealing with dynamic, untrusted content, such as on the Web, software behavior must be sandboxed, typically through use of a language like JavaScript. However, even for such specially-designed languages, it is difficult to ensure the safety of highly-optimized, dynamic language runtimes which, for efficiency, rely on advanced techniques such as Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation, large libraries of native-code support routines, and intricate mechanisms for multi-threading and garbage collection. Each new runtime provides a new potential attack surface and this security risk raises a barrier to the adoption of new languages for creating untrusted content. Removing this limitation, this paper introduces general mechanisms for safely and efficiently sandboxing software, such as dynamic language runtimes, that make use of advanced, low-level techniques like runtime code modification. Our language-independent sandboxing builds on Software-based Fault Isolation (SFI), a traditionally static technique. We provide a more flexible form of SFI by adding new constraints and mechanisms that allow safety to be guaranteed despite runtime code modifications. We have added our extensions to both the x86-32 and x86-64 variants of a production-quality, SFI-based sandboxing platform;on those two architectures SFI mechanisms face different challenges. We have also ported two representative language platforms to our extended sandbox: the Mono common language runtime and the V8 JavaScript engine. In detailed evaluations, we find that sandboxing slowdown varies between different benchmarks, languages, and hardware platforms. Overheads are generally moderate and they are close to zero for some important benchmark/platform combinations. © 2011 acm.

关键词： Dynamics

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AARTS: Low overhead online adaptive auto-tuning 11

AARTS: Low overhead online adaptive auto-tuning

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1st acm sigplan International Workshop on Adaptive Self-Tuning Computing Systems for the Exaflop Era, Exadapt 2011 - Co-located with 32nd acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, pldi 2011 at FCRC 2011

作者： Teodoro, George Sussman, Alan Department of Computer Science University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450307086

We present an online lightweight auto-tuning system for shared-memory parallel programs. We employ an online adaptive tuning algorithm that is based on performance measurements, to adapt to performance variability that arises during program execution. We address the impact of synchronous vs. asynchronous interactions between the application and the tuning system, and describe an adaptive approach that benefits from the improvements provided by both options. We presented a performance study of the online tuning system, and compared it to synchronous tuning systems. Finally, AARTS is evaluated under different scenarios, showing the potential benefits of using online tuning and the ability of AARTS to exploit those benefits. © 2011 acm.

关键词： Computer programming

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A Study of Memory Management for Web-based Applications on Multicore Processors 09

A Study of Memory Management for Web-based Applications on M...

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acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Inoue, Hiroshi Komatsu, Hideaki Nakatani, Toshio IBM Tokyo Res Lab Yamato Kanagawa 2428502 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781605583921

More and more server workloads are becoming Web-based. In these Web-based workloads, most of the memory objects are used only during one transaction. We study the effect of the memory management approaches on the performance of such Web-based applications on two modern multicore processors. In particular, using six PHP applications, we compare a general-purpose allocator (the default allocator of the PHP runtime) and a region-based allocator, which can reduce the cost of memory management by not supporting per-object free. The region-based allocator achieves better performance for all workloads on one processor core due to its smaller memory management cost. However, when using eight cores, the region-based allocator suffers from hidden costs of increased bus traffics and the performance is reduced for many workloads by as much as 27.2% compared to the default allocator. This is because the memory bandwidth tends to become a bottleneck in systems with multicore processors. We propose a new memory management approach, defrag-dodging, to maximize the performance of the Web-based workloads on multicore processors. In our approach, we reduce the memory management cost by avoiding defragmentation overhead in the malloc and free functions during a transaction. We found that the transactions in Web-based applications are short enough to ignore heap fragmentation, and hence the costs of the defragmentation activities in existing general-purpose allocators outweigh their benefits. By comparing our approach against the region-based approach, we show that a per-object free capability can reduce bus traffic and achieve higher performance on multicore processors. We demonstrate that our defrag-dodging approach improves the performance of all the evaluated applications on both processors by up to 11.4% and 51.5% over the default allocator and the region-based allocator, respectively.

关键词： Dynamic memory management Region-based memory management Scripting language Web-based applications

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An automatic object inlining optimization and its evaluation

An automatic object inlining optimization and its evaluation

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acm sigplan' 00 conference on programming language design and implementation (pldi)

作者： Dolby, J Chien, AA IBM Corp TJ Watson Res Ctr Yorktown Hts NY 10598 USA Univ Calif San Diego Dept Comp Sci & Engn La Jolla CA 92093 USA

Automatic object inlining [19, 20] transforms heap data structures by fusing parent and child objects together. It can improve runtime by reducing object allocation and pointer dereference costs. We report continuing work studying object inlining optimizations. In particular, we present a new semantic derivation of the correctness conditions for object inlining, and program analysis which extends our previous work. And we present an object inlining transformation, focusing on a new algorithm which optimizes class field layout to minimize code expansion. Finally, we detail a fuller evaluation on eleven programs and libraries (including Xpdf, the 25,000 line Portable Document Format (PDF) file browser) that utilizes hardware measures of impact on the memory system. We show that our analysis scales effectively to large programs, finding many inlinable fields (45 in xpdf) at acceptable cost, and we show that, on some programs, it finds nearly all fields for which object inlining is correct, and averages 40% of such fields across our benchmarks. We implement our analyses in an advanced analysis infrastructure, and we show that, compared to traditional 1-CFA, that infrastructure provides better results and lower and more scalable cost. Across all programs, analysis identified about 30% of objects as inlinable on average. Our transformation increases code size by only 20% while inlining this 30% of fields. Inlining these objects eliminated on average 28% of field reads, 58% of object creations, 12% of all loads. Further, the optimized programs have significantly improved memory reference behavior, producing 25% fewer L1 data cache misses and 25% fewer read stalls. On average the runtime improved by 14%.

关键词： Object oriented programming

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Safe approximate algorithm for interprocedural pointer aliasing

Safe approximate algorithm for interprocedural pointer alias...

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acm sigplan '92 conference on programming language design and implementation, pldi 1992

作者： Landi, William Ryder, Barbara G. Rutgers Univ New Brunswick NJ United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897914759

During execution, when two or more names exist for the same location at some program point, we call them aliases. In a language which allows arbitrary pointers, the problem of determining aliases at a program point is P-space-hard [Lan92]. We present an algorithm for the Conditional May Alias problem, which can be used to safely approximate Interprocedural May Alias in the presence of pointers. This algorithm is as precise as possible in the worst case and has been implemented in a prototype analysis tool for C programs. Preliminary speed and precision results are presented.

关键词： Computer programming

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A compiler framework for speculative analysis and optimizations 03

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conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Lin, J Chen, T Hsu, WC Ju, RDC Ngai, TF Yew, PC Chan, S Univ Minnesota Dept Comp Sci & Engn Minneapolis MN 55455 USA Intel Corp Microproc Res Lab Santa Clara CA 95052 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781581136623

Speculative execution, such as control speculation and data speculation, is an effective way to improve program performance. Using edge/path profile information or simple heuristic rules, existing compiler frameworks can adequately incorporate and exploit control speculation. However, very little has been done so far to allow existing compiler frameworks to incorporate and exploit data speculation effectively in various program transformations beyond instruction scheduling. This paper proposes a speculative SSA form to incorporate information from alias profiling and/or heuristic rules for data speculation, thus allowing existing program analysis frameworks to be easily extended to support both control and data speculation. Such a general framework is very useful for EPIC architectures that provide checking (such as advanced load address table (ALAT) [10]) on data speculation to guarantee the correctness of program execution. We use SSAPRE [2 1] as one example to illustrate how to incorporate data speculation in those important compiler optimizations such as partial redundancy elimination (PRE), register promotion, strength reduction and linear function test replacement. Our extended framework allows both control and data speculation to be performed on top of SSAPRE and, thus, enables more aggressive speculative optimizations. The proposed framework has been implemented on Intel's Open Research Compiler (ORC). We present experimental data on some SPEC2000 benchmark programs to demonstrate the usefulness of this framework and how data speculation benefits partial redundancy elimination.

关键词： algorithms performance design experimentation speculative SSA form speculative weak update data speculation partial redundancy elimination register promotion

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The tao of parallelism in algorithms 11

The tao of parallelism in algorithms

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32nd acm conference on programming language design and implementation, pldi 2011

作者： Pingali, Keshav Nguyen, Donald Kulkarni, Milind Burtscher, Martin Hassaan, M. Amber Kaleem, Rashid Lee, Tsung-Hsien Lenharth, Andrew Manevich, Roman Méndez-Lojo, Mario Prountzos, Dimitrios Sui, Xin Department of Computer Science University of Texas Austin TX United States Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Texas Austin TX United States Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences University of Texas Austin TX United States Department of Computer Science Texas State University San Marcos TX United States School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450306638

For more than thirty years, the parallel programming community has used the dependence graph as the main abstraction for reasoning about and exploiting parallelism in "regular" algorithms that use dense arrays, such as finite-differences and FFTs. In this paper, we argue that the dependence graph is not a suitable abstraction for algorithms in new application areas like machine learning and network analysis in which the key data structures are "irregular" data structures like graphs, trees, and sets. To address the need for better abstractions, we introduce a data-centric formulation of algorithms called the operator formulation in which an algorithm is expressed in terms of its action on data structures. This formulation is the basis for a structural analysis of algorithms that we call tao-analysis. Tao-analysis can be viewed as an abstraction of algorithms that distills out algorithmic properties important for parallelization. It reveals that a generalized form of data-parallelism called amorphous data-parallelism is ubiquitous in algorithms, and that, depending on the tao-structure of the algorithm, this parallelism may be exploited by compile-time, inspector-executor or optimistic parallelization, thereby unifying these seemingly unrelated parallelization techniques. Regular algorithms emerge as a special case of irregular algorithms, and many application-specific optimization techniques can be generalized to a broader context. These results suggest that the operator formulation and tao-analysis of algorithms can be the foundation of a systematic approach to parallel programming. © 2011 acm.

关键词： Parallel programming

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Abstract machine for CLP(R)

Abstract machine for CLP(R)

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acm sigplan '92 conference on programming language design and implementation, pldi 1992

作者： Jaffar, Joxan Stuckey, Peter J. Michaylov, Spiro Yap, Roland H.C. IBM Yorktown Heights NY United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897914759

An abstract machine is described for the CLP(R) programming language. It is intended as a first step towards enabling CLP(R) programs to be executed with efficiency approaching that of conventional languages. The core Constraint Logic Arithmetic Machine (CLAM) extends the Warren Abstract Machine (WAM) for compiling Prolog with facilities for handling real arithmetic constraints. The full CLAM includes facilities for taking advantage of information obtained from global program analysis.

关键词： Computer programming languages

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