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performance Characterization of MPI_Allreduce in Cloud Data Center Networks 29

Performance Characterization of MPI_Allreduce in Cloud Data ...

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29th International symposium on the Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS)

作者： Musleh, Malek Alemania, Allister Penaranda, Roberto Segura, Pedro Yebenes Intel Corp Santa Clara CA 95051 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781665458382

Advancements in hardware architecture and system design have enabled the transformational pivot towards cloud-computing. the rising cost of on-premise, vertical scaling, and maintenance combined with the rise of workload heterogeneity have fueled this paradigm shift. Furthermore, increasingly demanding use-cases for storage and high-performance computing (HPC) as well as the emergence of new workloads such as machine learning and big-data have motivated research into network traffic analysis, resource disaggregation, job scheduling, and orchestration in a bid to reduce total cost while maintaining high performance. A prime focus of this research is the communication performance of collectives, which comprise a significant portion of the communication of many of the aforementioned workloads. In this paper, we characterize the performance of MPI_Allreduce, which is used extensively in HPC and Deep-Learning (DL) training workloads in cloud environments. We demonstrate several key insights including that the Ring algorithm performs better than the Rabenseifner algorithm under conditions of high congestion and packet drops. We further illustrate detailed performance analysis under different assumptions and provide recommendations on how to address issues that can manifest.

关键词： Data Center Cloud computing Deep Learning AI Training HPC Collectives Congestion Control AllReduce Rabenseifner Ring Kary Tree Recursive Doubling

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Efficient all-to-all broadcast in all-port mesh and torus networks

Efficient all-to-all broadcast in all-port mesh and torus ne...

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5th International symposium on high-performance computer architecture (HPCA)

作者： Yang, YY Wang, JC Univ Vermont Dept Comp Sci Burlington VT 05405 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0769500048

All-to-all communication is one of the most dense communication patterns and occurs in many important applications in parallel computing. In this paper, we present a new all-to-all broadcast algorithm in all-port mesh and torus networks. Unlike existing all-to-all broadcast algorithms, the new algorithm takes advantage of overlapping of message switching time and transmission time, and achieves optimal transmission time for all-to-all broadcast. In addition, in most cases, the total communication delay is close to the lower bound of all-to-ail broadcast within a small constant range. Finally, the algorithm is conceptually simple, and symmetrical for every message and every node so that it can be easily implemented in hardware and achieves the optimum in practice.

关键词： parallel computing collective communication all-to-all communication all-to-all broadcast routing interprocessor communication

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Optical Interconnects between Microprocessor and Memories 16

Optical Interconnects between Microprocessor and Memories

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16th IEEE International Conference on high performance computing and Communications HPCC 2014\11th IEEE International Conference on Embedded Software and Systems ICESS 2014\6th International symposium on Cyberspace Safety and Security CSS 2014

作者： Luo, Daxin Liu, Yaoda Liu, Xiaoying Zhang, Bin Li, Gang Liao, Qi Hao, Qinfen Wei, Zhulin Huawei Technol Co Ltd Shannon Lab Shenzhen Guangdong Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781479961238

More memories will be required in a future server as the number of cores per microprocessor keeps growing, which means either the capacity of a memory chip or the number of memory chips connected to a microprocessor needs to catch up with the increasing core counts. With electrical interconnects between microprocessor and memories, layout and placement of memory chips around the microprocessor becomes a bottleneck. Optical interconnects will solve this problem by putting memory chips further away from a microprocessor. We investigate in this paper the performance of a computer with optically connected remote memory instead of electrically connected local memory, and verified that an operating system can successfully run with only optically connected memory. the experimental results demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing optically connected remote memory as memory instead of storage as discussed mostly in the literature.

关键词： computer architecture optical interconnects latency microprocessor memory

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APPROX-NoC: A Data Approximation Framework for Network-On-Chip architectures 17

APPROX-NoC: A Data Approximation Framework for Network-On-Ch...

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44th Annual International symposium on computer architecture (ISCA)

作者： Boyapati, Rahul Huang, Jiayi Majumder, Pritam Yum, Ki Hwan Kim, Eun Jung Texas A&M Univ College Stn TX 77843 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450348928

the trend of unsustainable power consumption and large memory bandwidth demands in massively parallel multicore systems, with the advent of the big data era, has brought upon the onset of alternate computation paradigms utilizing heterogeneity, specialization, processor-in-memory and approximation. Approximate computing is being touted as a viable solution for high performance computation by relaxing the accuracy constraints of applications. this trend has been accentuated by emerging data intensive applications in domains like image/video processing, machine learning and big data analytics that allow inaccurate outputs within an acceptable variance. Leveraging relaxed accuracy for high throughput in Networks-on-Chip (NoCs), which have rapidly become the accepted method for connecting a large number of on-chip components, has not yet been explored. We propose APPROX-NoC, a hardware data approximation framework with an online data error control mechanism for high performance NoCs. APPROX-NoC facilitates approximate matching of data patterns, within a controllable value range, to compress them thereby reducing the volume of data movement across the chip. Our evaluation shows that APPROX-NoC achieves on average up to 9% latency reduction and 60% throughput improvement compared with state-of-the-art NoC data compression mechanisms, while maintaining low application error. Additionally, with a data intensive graph processing application we achieve a 36.7% latency reduction compared to state-of-the-art compression mechanisms.

关键词： Networks-On-Chip Approximate computing Data Compression

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Power Provisioning for a Warehouse-sized computer 07

Power Provisioning for a Warehouse-sized Computer

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34th Annual International symposium on computer architecture

作者： Fan, Xiaobo Weber, Wolf-Dietrich Barroso, Luiz Andre Google Inc Mountain View CA 94043 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595937063

Large-scale Internet services require a computing infrastructure that can be appropriately described as a warehouse-sized computing system. the cost of building datacenter facilities capable of delivering a given power capacity to such a computer can rival the recurring energy consumption costs themselves. therefore, there are strong economic incentives to operate facilities as close as possible to maximum capacity, so that the non-recurring facility costs can be best amortized. that is difficult to achieve in practice because of uncertainties in equipment power ratings and because power consumption tends to vary significantly with the actual computing activity. Effective power provisioning strategies are needed to determine how much computing equipment can be safely and efficiently hosted within a given power budget. In this paper we present the aggregate power usage characteristics of large collections of servers (up to 15 thousand) for different classes of applications over a period of approximately six months. those observations allow us to evaluate opportunities for maximizing the use of the deployed power capacity of datacenters, and assess the risks of over-subscribing it. We find that even in well-tuned applications there is a noticeable gap (7 - 16%) between achieved and theoretical aggregate peak power usage at the cluster level (thousands of servers). the gap grows to almost 40% in whole datacenters. this headroom can be used to deploy additional compute equipment within the same power budget with minimal risk of exceeding it. We use our modeling framework to estimate the potential of power management schemes to reduce peak power and energy usage. We find that the opportunities for power and energy savings are significant, but greater at the cluster-level (thousands of servers) than at the rack-level (tens). Finally we argue that systems need to be power efficient across the activity range, and not only at peak performance levels.

关键词： Power modeling power provisioning energy efficiency

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Grid information services for distributed resource sharing

Grid information services for distributed resource sharing

引用

10th Annual IEEE International symposium on high performance Distributed computing

作者： Czajkowski, K Fitzgerald, S Foster, I Kesselman, C Univ So Calif Inst Informat Sci Marina Del Rey CA 90292 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0769512968

Grid technologies enable large-scale sharing of resources within formal or informal consortia of individuals and/or institutions: what are sometimes called virtual organizations. In these settings, the discovery, characterization, and monitoring of resources, services, and computations are challenging problems due to the considerable diversity, large numbers, dynamic behavior and geographical distribution of the entities in which a user might be interested. Consequently, information services are a vital part of any Grid software infrastructure, providing fundamental mechanisins for discovery, and monitoring, and hence for planning and adapting application behavior We present here an information services architecture that addresses performance, security, scalability, and robustness requirements. Our architecture defines simple low-level enquiry and registration protocols that make it easy to incorporate individual entities into various information structures, such as aggregate directories that support a variety of different query languages and discovery strategies. these protocols can also be combined with other Grid protocols to construct additional higher-level services and capabilities such as brokering, monitoring, fault detection, and troubleshooting. Our architecture has been implemented as MDS-2, which forms part of the Globus Grid toolkit and has been widely deployed and applied.

关键词： Distributed computer systems

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Asymmetric-ReRAM: A Low Latency and high Reliability Crossbar Resistive Memory architecture 16

Asymmetric-ReRAM: A Low Latency and High Reliability Crossba...

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16th IEEE ISPA / 17th IEEE IUCC / 8th IEEE BDCloud / 11th IEEE SocialCom / 8th IEEE SustainCom

作者： Zhang, Yang Feng, Dan Tan, Zhipeng Liu, Jingning Tong, Wei Wang, Chengning Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Minist Educ China Key Lab Informat Storage Syst Wuhan Natl Lab OptoelectSch Comp Sci & Technol Wuhan Hubei Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781728111414

Resistive Memory (ReRAM) is promising to be used as the storage-class memory due to its good scalability, high density, low standby power and non-volatility. By employing the unique crossbar structure, ReRAM can be constructed with extremely high density. However, ReRAM's crossbar structure suffers from an IR drop issue, which causes the asymmetric access latency in crossbar arrays. Moreover, without access transistors in the crossbar structure, read and write disturbances lead to serious data reliability problem. In this paper, we propose Asymmetric-ReRAM (A-ReRAM) to overcome the challenges of crossbar ReRAM. By reducing the IR drops along both wordlines and bitlines, leveraging the asymmetric access latency in crossbar arrays and exposing the most appropriate write latency to the memory controller, A-ReRAM effectively reduces the access latency. By applying the circuit-architecture level solutions, A-ReRAM addresses the read and write disturbances, and significantly improves the reliability. the experimental results show that, A-ReRAM improves system performance by 29.7% and 19.2%, and reduces the energy consumption by 21.1% and 11.3% on average, compared to the baseline and the state-of-the-art crossbar ReRAM design. Meanwhile, A-ReRAM significantly improves the reliability of ReRAM-based memory systems.

关键词： ReRAM crossbar IR drop asymmetric access latency read and write disturbances

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MTF: A Scalable Exchange Format for Traces of high performance computing Systems

MTF: A Scalable Exchange Format for Traces of High Performan...

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IEEE 19th International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC)

作者： Alawneh, Luay Hamou-Lhadj, Abdelwahab Concordia Univ Software Behav Anal Grp Dept Elect & Comp Engn Montreal PQ H3G 1M8 Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9780769543987

Execution traces generated from running high performance computing applications (HPC) may reach tens or hundreds of gigabytes. the trace data can be used for visualization, analysis of profiling information about the target system. However, in order to make the utilization of this data efficient, the trace needs to be represented in a structure that facilitates the access to its data. One important factor that should be considered when representing trace data is scalability;the trace metamodel should be able to represent the trace in a compact form that enables scalability of the analysis tools. Additionally, a trace file needs to be available in a format that is well-known in the software engineering area by making it open. In this paper, we propose a metamodel for representing dynamic information generated from HPC that use the MPI standard as the inter-process communication model. MPI Trace Format (MTF) is meant to meet the aforementioned requirements and is intended to facilitate the interoperability among different trace analysis tools.

关键词： HPC-high performance computing systems Inter-process communication traces MPI-Message Passing Interface Standard exchange format Trace Metamodel

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Handoff in mobile ATM networks: Framework for performance optimization 16

Handoff in mobile ATM networks: Framework for performance op...

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16th Annual International symposium on high performance computing Systems and Applications, HPCS 2002

作者： Medidi, Sirisha R. Golshani, Forouzan School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Washington State University PullmanWA99164-2752 United States Department of Computer Science and Engineering Arizona State University TempeAZ85287-5406 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0769516262

Current handoff rerouting techniques in Mobile ATM networks fail to optimize some or all of the following parameters: handoff latency, route length, computational complexity, communication disruption period, network buffer requirements, and bandwidth *** s paper focuses on the optimization of the above parameters in the context of efficient handoff in Mobile ATM networks.W e propose a framework for efficient handoff, in which the route information of a call in progress can be released to the communicating mobile hosts and their corresponding *** switch covering the mobile host requesting handoff selects an appropriate rerouting process based on the route information and the location of the mobile hosts.A comparitive evaluation of our scheme with the existing schemes is presented. © 2002 IEEE.

关键词： Asynchronous transfer mode

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AMRZone: A Runtime AMR Data Sharing Framework For Scientific Applications 16

AMRZone: A Runtime AMR Data Sharing Framework For Scientific...

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16th IEEE/ACM International symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid computing (CCGrid)

作者： Zhang, Wenzhao Tang, Houjun Harenberg, Steve Byna, Surendra Zou, Xiaocheng Devendran, Dharshi Martin, Daniel F. Wu, Kesheng Dong, Bin Klasky, Scott Samatova, Nagiza F. North Carolina State Univ Raleigh NC 27695 USA Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab Berkeley CA 94720 USA Oak Ridge Natl Lab Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781509024537

Frameworks that facilitate runtime data sharing across multiple applications are of great importance for scientific data analytics. Although existing frameworks work well over uniform mesh data, they can not effectively handle adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) data. Among the challenges to construct an AMR-capable framework include: (1) designing an architecture that facilitates online AMR data management;(2) achieving a load-balanced AMR data distribution for the data staging space at runtime;and (3) building an effective online index to support the unique spatial data retrieval requirements for AMR data. Towards addressing these challenges to support runtime AMR data sharing across scientific applications, we present the AMRZone framework. Experiments over real-world AMR datasets demonstrate AMRZone's effectiveness at achieving a balanced workload distribution, reading/writing large-scale datasets with thousands of parallel processes, and satisfying queries with spatial constraints. Moreover, AMRZone's performance and scalability are even comparable with existing state-of-the-art work when tested over uniform mesh data with up to 16384 cores;in the best case, our framework achieves a 46% performance improvement.

关键词： Servers Runtime Metadata Distributed databases computer architecture Spatial indexes Runtime Spacial indices distributed databases computer architecture Metadata Servers Frameworks Amphiregulin Antimicrobial Drug Resistance automatic meter reading Data Sharing

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