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From research to practice: Experiences engineering a production metadata database for a scale out file system 12

From research to practice: Experiences engineering a product...

引用

12th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2014

作者： Johnson, Charles Keeton, Kimberly Morrey, Charles B. Soules, Craig A.N. Veitch, Alistair Bacon, Stephen Batuner, Oskar Condotta, Marcelo Coutinho, Hamilton Doyle, Patrick J. Eichelberger, Rafael Kiehl, Hugo Magalhaes, Guilherme McEvoy, James Nagarajan, Padmanabhan Osborne, Patrick Souza, Joaquim Sparkes, Andy Spitzer, Mike Tandel, Sebastien thomas, Lincoln Zangaro, Sebastian HP Labs Natero Google HP Storage

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971089

HP’s StoreAll with Express Query is a scalable commercial file archiving product that offers sophisticated file metadata management and search capabilities [3]. A new REST API enables fast, efficient searching to find all files that meet a given set of metadata criteria and the ability to tag files with custom metadata fields. the product brings together two significant systems: a scale out file system and a metadata database based on LazyBase [10]. In designing and building the combined product, we identified several real-world issues in using a pipelined database system in a distributed environment, and overcame several interesting design challenges that were not contemplated by the original research prototype. this paper highlights our experiences.

关键词： Metadata

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Balancing fairness and efficiency in tiered storage systems with bottleneck-aware allocation 12

Balancing fairness and efficiency in tiered storage systems ...

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12th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2014

作者： Wang, Hui Varman, Peter Rice University United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971089

Multi-tiered storage made up of heterogeneous devices are raising new challenges in allocating throughput fairly among concurrent clients. the fundamental problem is finding an appropriate balance between fairness to the clients and maximizing system utilization. In this paper we cast the problem within the broader framework of fair allocation for multiple resources. We present a new allocation model BAA based on the notion of per-device bottleneck sets. Clients bottlenecked on the same device receive throughputs in proportion to their fair shares, while allocation ratios between clients in different bottleneck sets are chosen to maximize system utilization. We show formally that BAA satisfies fairness properties of Envy Freedom and Sharing Incentive. We evaluated the performance of our method using both simulation and implementation on a Linux platform. the experimental results show that our method can provide both high efficiency and fairness.

关键词： Efficiency

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ReconfS: A reconstructable file system on flash storage 12

ReconfS: A reconstructable file system on flash storage

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12th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2014

作者： Lu, Youyou Shu, Jiwu Wang, Wei Department of Computer Science and Technology Tsinghua University Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology China

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971089

Hierarchical namespaces (directory trees) in file systems are effective in indexing file system data. However, the update patterns of namespace metadata, such as intensive writeback and scattered small updates, exaggerate the writes to flash storage dramatically, which hurts both performance and endurance (i.e., limited program/erase cycles of flash memory) of the storage system. In this paper, we propose a reconstructable file system, ReconFS, to reduce namespace metadata writeback size while providing hierarchical namespace access. ReconFS decouples the volatile and persistent directory tree maintenance. Hierarchical namespace access is emulated with the volatile directory tree, and the consistency and persistence of the persistent directory tree are provided using two mechanisms in case of system failures. First, consistency is ensured by embedding an inverted index in each page, eliminating the writes of the pointers (indexing for directory tree). Second, persistence is guaranteed by compacting and logging the scattered small updates to the metadata persistence log, so as to reduce write size. the inverted indices and logs are used respectively to reconstruct the structure and the content of the directory tree on reconstruction. Experiments show that ReconFS provides up to 46.3% performance improvement and 27.1% write reduction compared to ext2, a file system with low metadata overhead.

关键词： Metadata

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On the energy overhead of mobile storage systems 12

On the energy overhead of mobile storage systems

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12th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2014

作者： Li, Jing Badam, Anirudh Chandra, Ranveer Swanson, Steven Worthington, Bruce Zhang, Qi UCSD Microsoft Research

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971089

Secure digital cards and embedded multimedia cards are pervasively used as secondary storage devices in portable electronics, such as smartphones and tablets. these devices cost under 70 cents per gigabyte. they deliver more than 4000 random IOPS and 70 MBps of sequential access bandwidth. Additionally, they operate at a peak power lower than 250 milliwatts. However, software storage stack above the device level on most existing mobile platforms is not optimized to exploit the low-energy characteristics of such devices. this paper examines the energy consumption of the storage stack on mobile platforms. We conduct several experiments on mobile platforms to analyze the energy requirements of their respective storage stacks. Software storage stack consumes up to 200 times more energy when compared to storage hardware, and the security and privacy requirements of mobile apps are a major cause. A storage energy model for mobile platforms is proposed to help developers optimize the energy requirements of storage intensive applications. Finally, a few optimizations are proposed to reduce the energy consumption of storage systems on these platforms.

关键词： Energy utilization

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StaiR codes: A general family of erasure codes for tolerating device and sector failures in practical storage systems 12

StaiR codes: A general family of erasure codes for toleratin...

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12th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2014

作者： Li, Mingqiang Lee, Patrick P.C. Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971089

Practical storage systems often adopt erasure codes to tolerate device failures and sector failures, both of which are prevalent in the field. However, traditional erasure codes employ device-level redundancy to protect against sector failures, and hence incur significant space overhead. Recent sector-disk (SD) codes are available only for limited configurations due to the relatively strict assumption on the coverage of sector failures. By making a relaxed but practical assumption, we construct a general family of erasure codes called STAIR codes, which efficiently and provably tolerate both device and sector failures without any restriction on the size of a storage array and the numbers of tolerable device failures and sector failures. We propose the upstairs encoding and downstairs encoding methods, which provide complementary performance advantages for different configurations. We conduct extensive experiments to justify the practicality of STAIR codes in terms of space saving, encoding/decoding speed, and update cost. We demonstrate that STAIR codes not only improve space efficiency over traditional erasure codes, but also provide better computational efficiency than SD codes based on our special code construction.

关键词： Computational efficiency

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Multilanes: Providing virtualized storage for OS-level virtualization on many cores 12

Multilanes: Providing virtualized storage for OS-level virtu...

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12th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2014

作者： Kang, Junbin Zhang, Benlong Wo, Tianyu Hu, Chunming Huai, Jinpeng Beihang University Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971089

OS-level virtualization is an efficient method for server consolidation. However, the sharing of kernel services among the co-located virtualized environments (VEs) incurs performance interference between each other. Especially, interference effects within the shared I/O stack would lead to severe performance degradations on many-core platforms incorporating fast storage technologies (e.g., non-volatile memories). this paper presents MultiLanes, a virtualized storage system for OS-level virtualization on many cores. MultiLanes builds an isolated I/O stack on top of a virtualized storage device for each VE to eliminate contention on kernel data structures and locks between them, thus scaling them to many cores. Moreover, the overhead of storage device virtualization is tuned to be negligible so that MultiLanes can deliver competitive performance against Linux. Apart from scalability, MultiLanes also delivers flexibility and security to all the VEs, as the virtualized storage device allows each VE to run its own guest file system. the evaluation of our prototype system built for Linux container (LXC) on a 16-core machine with a RAM disk demonstrates MultiLanes outperforms Linux by up to 11.32X and 11.75X in micro- and macro-benchmarks, and exhibits nearly linear scalability.

关键词： Virtualization

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Log-structured memory for DRAM-based storage 12

Log-structured memory for DRAM-based storage

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12th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2014

作者： Rumble, Stephen M. Kejriwal, Ankita Ousterhout, John Stanford University United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971089

Traditional memory allocation mechanisms are not suitable for new DRAM-based storage systems because they use memory inefficiently, particularly under changing access patterns. In contrast, a log-structured approach to memory management allows 80-90% memory utilization while offering high performance. the RAMCloud storage system implements a unified log-structured mechanism both for active information in memory and backup data on disk. the RAMCloud implementation of log-structured memory uses a two-level cleaning policy, which conserves disk bandwidth and improves performance up to 6x at high memory utilization. the cleaner runs concurrently with normal operations and employs multiple threads to hide most of the cost of cleaning.

关键词： Dynamic random access storage

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Parity logging with reserved space: Towards efficient updates and recovery in erasure-coded clustered storage 12

Parity logging with reserved space: Towards efficient update...

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12th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2014

作者： Chan, Jeremy C.W. Ding, Qian Lee, Patrick P.C. Chan, Helen H.W. Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971089

Many modern storage systems adopt erasure coding to provide data availability guarantees with low redundancy. Log-based storage is often used to append new data rather than overwrite existing data so as to achieve high update efficiency, but introduces significant I/O overhead during recovery due to reassembling updates from data and parity chunks. We propose parity logging with reserved space, which comprises two key design features: (1) it takes a hybrid of in-place data updates and log-based parity updates to balance the costs of updates and recovery, and (2) it keeps parity updates in a reserved space next to the parity chunk to mitigate disk seeks. We further propose a workload-aware scheme to dynamically predict and adjust the reserved space size. We prototype an erasure-coded clustered storage system called CodFS, and conduct testbed experiments on different update schemes under synthetic and real-world workloads. We show that our proposed update scheme achieves high update and recovery performance, which cannot be simultaneously achieved by pure in-place or log-based update schemes.

关键词： Recovery

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Evaluating phase change memory for enterprise storage systems: A study of caching and tiering approaches 12

Evaluating phase change memory for enterprise storage system...

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12th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2014

作者： Kim, Hyojun Seshadri, Sangeetha Dickey, Clement L. Chiu, Lawrence IBM Almaden Research

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971089

storage systems based on Phase Change Memory (PCM) devices are beginning to generate considerable attention in both industry and academic communities. But whether the technology in its current state will be a commercially and technically viable alternative to entrenched technologies such as flash-based SSDs remains undecided. To address this it is important to consider PCM SSD devices not just from a device standpoint, but also from a holistic perspective. this paper presents the results of our performance study of a recent all-PCM SSD prototype. the average latency for a 4 KiB random read is 6.7 µs, which is about 16× faster than a comparable eMLC flash SSD. the distribution of I/O response times is also much narrower than flash SSD for both reads and writes. Based on the performance measurements and real-world workload traces, we explore two typical storage use-cases: tiering and caching. For tiering, we model a hypothetical storage system that consists of flash, HDD, and PCM to identify the combinations of device types that offer the best performance within cost constraints. For caching, we study whether PCM can improve performance compared to flash in terms of aggregate I/O time and read latency. We report that the IOPS/$ of a tiered storage system can be improved by 12–66% and the aggregate elapsed time of a server-side caching solution can be improved by up to 35% by adding PCM. Our results show that – even at current price points – PCM storage devices show promising performance as a new component in enterprise storage systems.

关键词： Phase change memory

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Cloud storage providers: A comparison review and evaluation 14

Cloud storage providers: A comparison review and evaluation

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15th International conference on Computer Systems and technologies, CompSysTech 2014

作者： Zenuni, Xhemal Ajdari, Jaumin Ismaili, Florije Raufi, Bujar Contemporary Sciences and Technologies South East European University Macedonia

ISBN: (纸本)9781450327534

storage and file synchronisation is a common and important service provided by contemporary cloud providers and a new standard for file sharing and information storage among companies and individuals. However, choosing the right storage provider depends on many factors. this paper defines a set of important criteria to evaluate cloud storage providers and we review today's market cloud storage companies against this checklist. In addition, an attempt to evaluate read/write performances of selected storage systems over small and large file sizes is conducted as well. the comparative results show the features of each cloud storage systems as important element in decision making process when shifting to cloud storage. Copyright © 2014 ACM.

关键词： Cloud storage

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