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ZZFS: A hybrid device and cloud file system for spontaneous users 10

ZZFS: A hybrid device and cloud file system for spontaneous ...

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10th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2012

作者： Mazurek, Michelle L. thereska, Eno Gunawardena, Dinan Harper, Richard Scott, James Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA United States Microsoft Research Cambridge United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971911

Good execution of data placement, caching and consistency policies across a user's personal devices has always been hard. Unpredictable networks, capricious user behavior with leaving devices on or off and non-uniform energy-saving policies constantly interfere with the good intentions of a storage system's policies. this paper's contribution is to better manage these inherent uncertainties. We do so primarily by building a low-power communication channel that is available even when a device is off. this channel is mainly made possible by a novel network interface card that is carefully placed under the control of storage system protocols. the design space can benefit existing placement policies (e.g., Cimbiosys [21], Perspective [23], Anzere [22]). It also allows for interesting new ones. We build a file system called ZZFS around a particular set of policies motivated by user studies. Its policies cater to users who interact with the file system in an ad hoc way — spontaneously and without pre-planning. © 2012 by the usenix Association. All Rights Reserved.

关键词： Energy conservation

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Revisiting storage for smartphones 10

Revisiting storage for smartphones

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10th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2012

作者： Kim, Hyojun Agrawal, Nitin Ungureanu, Cristian NEC Laboratories America Georgia Institute of Technology United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971911

Conventional wisdom holds that storage is not a big contributor to application performance on mobile devices. Flash storage (the type most commonly used today) draws little power, and its performance is thought to exceed that of the network subsystem. In this paper we present evidence that storage performance does indeed affect the performance of several common applications such as web browsing, Maps, application install, email, and Facebook. For several Android smartphones, we find that just by varying the underlying flash storage, performance over WiFi can typically vary between 100% to 300% across applications;in one extreme scenario the variation jumped to over 2000%. We identify the reasons for the strong correlation between storage and application performance to be a combination of poor flash device performance, random I/O from application databases, and heavy-handed use of synchronous writes;based on our findings we implement and evaluate a set of pilot solutions to address the storage performance deficiencies in smartphones. © 2012 by the usenix Association. All Rights Reserved.

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Rethinking erasure codes for cloud file systems: Minimizing I/O for recovery and degraded reads 10

Rethinking erasure codes for cloud file systems: Minimizing ...

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10th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2012

作者： Khan, Osama Burns, Randal Plank, James Pierce, William Huang, Cheng Department of Computer Science Johns Hopkins University United States Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Tennessee United States Microsoft Research

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971911

To reduce storage overhead, cloud file systems are transitioning from replication to erasure codes. this process has revealed new dimensions on which to evaluate the performance of different coding schemes: the amount of data used in recovery and when performing degraded reads. We present an algorithm that finds the optimal number of codeword symbols needed for recovery for any XOR-based erasure code and produces recovery schedules that use a minimum amount of data. We differentiate popular erasure codes based on this criterion and demonstrate that the differences improve I/O performance in practice for the large block sizes used in cloud file systems. Several cloud systems [15, 10] have adopted Reed-Solomon (RS) codes, because of their generality and their ability to tolerate larger numbers of failures. We define a new class of rotated Reed-Solomon codes that perform degraded reads more efficiently than all known codes, but otherwise inherit the reliability and performance properties of Reed-Solomon codes. © 2012 by the usenix Association. All Rights Reserved.

关键词： Reed-Solomon codes

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Recon: Verifying file system consistency at runtime 10

Recon: Verifying file system consistency at runtime

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10th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2012

作者： Fryer, Daniel Sun, Kuei Mahmood, Rahat Cheng, TingHao Benjamin, Shaun Goel, Ashvin Brown, Angela Demke University of Toronto Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971911

file system bugs that corrupt file system metadata on disk are insidious. Existing file-system reliability methods, such as checksums, redundancy, or transactional updates, merely ensure that the corruption is reliably preserved. the typical workarounds, based on using backups or repairing the file system, are painfully slow. Worse, the recovery is performed long after the original error occurred and thus may result in further corruption and data loss. We present a system called Recon that protects file system metadata from buggy file system operations. Our approach leverages modern file systems that provide crash consistency using transactional updates. We define declarative statements called consistency invariants for a file system. these invariants must be satisfied by each transaction being committed to disk to preserve file system integrity. Recon checks these invariants at commit, thereby minimizing the damage caused by buggy file systems. the major challenges to this approach are specifying invariants and interpreting file system behavior correctly without relying on the file system code. Recon provides a framework for file-system specific metadata interpretation and invariant checking. We show the feasibility of interpreting metadata and writing consistency invariants for the Linux ext3 file system using this framework. Recon can detect random as well as targeted file-system corruption at runtime as effectively as the offline e2fsck filesystem checker, with low overhead. © 2012 by the usenix Association. All Rights Reserved.

关键词： Metadata

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Power consumption in enterprise-scale backup storage systems 10

Power consumption in enterprise-scale backup storage systems

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10th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2012

作者： Li, Zhichao Greenan, Kevin M. Leung, Andrew W. Zadok, Erez Stony Brook University United States Backup Recovery Systems Division EMC Corporation

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971911

Power consumption has become an important factor in modern storage system design. Power efficiency is particularly beneficial in disk-based backup systems that store mostly cold data, have significant idle periods, and must compete with the operational costs of tape-based backup. there are no prior published studies on power consumption in these systems, leaving researchers and practitioners to rely on existing assumptions. In this paper we present the first analysis of power consumption in real-world, enterprise, disk-based backup storage systems. We uncovered several important observations, including some that challenge conventional wisdom. We discuss their impact on future power-efficient designs. © 2012 by the usenix Association. All Rights Reserved.

关键词： Electric power utilization

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NCCloud: Applying network coding for the storage repair in a cloud-of-clouds 10

NCCloud: Applying network coding for the storage repair in a...

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10th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2012

作者： Hu, Yuchong Chen, Henry C.H. Lee, Patrick P.C. Tang, Yang Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Columbia University United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971911

To provide fault tolerance for cloud storage, recent studies propose to stripe data across multiple cloud vendors. However, if a cloud suffers from a permanent failure and loses all its data, then we need to repair the lost data from other surviving clouds to preserve data redundancy. We present a proxy-based system for multiple-cloud storage called NCCloud, which aims to achieve cost-effective repair for a permanent single-cloud failure. NCCloud is built on top of network-coding-based storage schemes called regenerating codes. Specifically, we propose an implementable design for the functional minimum-storage regenerating code (F-MSR), which maintains the same data redundancy level and same storage requirement as in traditional erasure codes (e.g., RAID-6), but uses less repair traffic. We implement a proof-of-concept prototype of NCCloud and deploy it atop local and commercial clouds. We validate the cost effectiveness of F-MSR in storage repair over RAID-6, and show that both schemes have comparable response time performance in normal cloud storage operations. © 2012 by the usenix Association. All Rights Reserved.

关键词： Repair

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Understanding performance implications of nested file systems in a virtualized environment 10

Understanding performance implications of nested file system...

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10th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2012

作者： Le, Duy Huang, Hai Wang, Haining College of William and Mary WilliamsburgVA23185 United States IBM T. J. Watson Research Center HawthorneNY10532 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971911

Virtualization allows computing resources to be utilized much more efficiently than those in traditional systems, and it is a strong driving force behind commoditizing computing infrastructure for providing cloud services. Unfortunately, the multiple layers of abstraction that virtualization introduces also complicate the proper understanding, accurate measurement, and effective management of such an environment. In this paper, we focus on one particular layer: storage virtualization, which enables a host system to map a guest VM's file system to almost any storage media. A flat file in the host file system is commonly used for this purpose. However, as we will show, when one file system (guest) runs on top of another file system (host), their nested interactions can have unexpected and significant performance implications (as much as 67% degradation). From performing experiments on 42 different combinations of guest and host file systems, we give advice on how to and how not to nest file systems. © 2012 by the usenix Association. All Rights Reserved.

关键词： Virtualization

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De-indirection for flash-based SSDs with nameless writes 10

De-indirection for flash-based SSDs with nameless writes

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10th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2012

作者： Zhang, Yiying Arulraj, Leo Prasath Arpaci-Dusseau, Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau, Remzi H. Computer Sciences Department University of Wisconsin-Madison United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971911

We present Nameless Writes, a new device interface that removes the need for indirection in modern solid-state storage devices (SSDs). Nameless writes allow the device to choose the location of a write;only then is the client informed of the name (i.e., address) where the block now resides. Doing so allows the device to control block-allocation decisions, thus enabling it to execute critical tasks such as garbage collection and wear leveling, while removing the need for large and costly indirection tables. We demonstrate the effectiveness of nameless writes by porting the Linux ext3 file system to use an emulated nameless-writing device and show that doing so both reduces space and time overheads, thus making for simpler, less costly, and higher-performance SSD-based storage. © 2012 by the usenix Association. All Rights Reserved.

关键词： Virtual storage

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IDedUp: Latency-aware, inline data deduplication for primary storage 10

IDedUp: Latency-aware, inline data deduplication for primary...

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10th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2012

作者： Srinivasan, Kiran Bisson, Tim Goodson, Garth Voruganti, Kaladhar NetApp Inc

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971911

Deduplication technologies are increasingly being deployed to reduce cost and increase space-efficiency in corporate data centers. However, prior research has not applied deduplication techniques inline to the request path for latency sensitive, primary workloads. this is primarily due to the extra latency these techniques introduce. Inherently, deduplicating data on disk causes fragmentation that increases seeks for subsequent sequential reads of the same data, thus, increasing latency. In addition, deduplicating data requires extra disk IOs to access on-disk deduplication metadata. In this paper, we propose an inline deduplication solution, iDedup, for primary workloads, while minimizing extra IOs and seeks. Our algorithm is based on two key insights from real-world workloads: i) spatial locality exists in duplicated primary data;and ii) temporal locality exists in the access patterns of duplicated data. Using the first insight, we selectively deduplicate only sequences of disk blocks. this reduces fragmentation and amortizes the seeks caused by deduplication. the second insight allows us to replace the expensive, on-disk, deduplication metadata with a smaller, in-memory cache. these techniques enable us to tradeoff capacity savings for performance, as demonstrated in our evaluation with real-world workloads. Our evaluation shows that iDedup achieves 60-70% of the maximum deduplication with less than a 5% CPU overhead and a 2-4% latency impact. © 2012 by the usenix Association. All Rights Reserved.

关键词： Metadata

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Shredder: GPU-accelerated incremental storage and computation 10

Shredder: GPU-accelerated incremental storage and computatio...

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10th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2012

作者： Bhatotia, Pramod Rodrigues, Rodrigo Verma, Akshat Germany IBM Research India

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971911

Redundancy elimination using data deduplication and incremental data processing has emerged as an important technique to minimize storage and computation requirements in data center computing. In this paper, we present the design, implementation and evaluation of Shredder, a high performance content-based chunking framework for supporting incremental storage and computation systems. Shredder exploits the massively parallel processing power of GPUs to overcome the CPU bottlenecks of content-based chunking in a cost-effective manner. Unlike previous uses of GPUs, which have focused on applications where computation costs are dominant, Shredder is designed to operate in both compute-and data-intensive environments. To allow this, Shredder provides several novel optimizations aimed at reducing the cost of transferring data between host (CPU) and GPU, fully utilizing the multicore architecture at the host, and reducing GPU memory access latencies. With our optimizations, Shredder achieves a speedup of over 5X for chunking bandwidth compared to our optimized parallel implementation without a GPU on the same host system. Furthermore, we present two real world applications of Shredder: an extension to HDFS, which serves as a basis for incremental MapReduce computations, and an incremental cloud backup system. In both contexts, Shredder detects redundancies in the input data across successive runs, leading to significant savings in storage, computation, and end-to-end completion times. © 2012 by the usenix Association. All Rights Reserved.

关键词： Graphics processing unit

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