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Just-in-time analytics on large file systems 9

Just-in-time analytics on large file systems

引用

9th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2011

作者： Howie Huang, H. Zhang, Nan Wang, Wei Das, Gautam Szalay, Alexander S. George Washington University United States University of Texas Arlington United States Johns Hopkins University United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971829

As file systems reach the petabytes scale, users and administrators are increasingly interested in acquiring high-level analytical information for file management and analysis. Two particularly important tasks are the processing of aggregate and top-k queries which, unfortunately, cannot be quickly answered by hierarchical file systems such as ext3 and NTFS. Existing pre-processing based solutions, e.g., file system crawling and index building, consume a significant amount of time and space (for generating and maintaining the indexes) which in many cases cannot be justified by the infrequent usage of such solutions. In this paper, we advocate that user interests can often be sufficiently satisfied by approximate - i.e., statistically accurate - answers. We develop Glance, a just-in-time sampling-based system which, after consuming a small number of disk accesses, is capable of producing extremely accurate answers for a broad class of aggregate and top-k queries over a file system without the requirement of any prior knowledge. We use a number of real-world file systems to demonstrate the efficiency, accuracy and scalability of Glance.

关键词： Aggregates

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Cost effective storage using extent based dynamic tiering 9

Cost effective storage using extent based dynamic tiering

引用

9th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2011

作者： Guerra, Jorge Pucha, Himabindu Glider, Joseph Belluomini, Wendy Rangaswami, Raju Florida International University IBM Research Almaden United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971829

Multi-tier systems that combine SSDs with SAS/FC and/or SATA disks mitigate the capital cost burden of SSDs, while benefiting from their superior I/O performance per unit cost and low power. though commercial SSD-based multi-tier solutions are available, configuring such a system with the optimal number of devices per tier to achieve performance goals at minimum cost remains a challenge. Furthermore, these solutions do not leverage the opportunity to dynamically consolidate load and reduce power/operating cost. Our extent-based dynamic tiering solution, EDT, addresses these limitations via two key components of its design. A Configuration Adviser EDT-CA determines the adequate mix of storage devices to buy and install to satisfy a given workload at minimum cost, and a Dynamic Tier Manager EDT-DTM performs dynamic extent placement once the system is running to satisfy performance requirements while minimizing dynamic power consumption. Key to the cost minimization of EDT-CA is its ability to simulate the dynamic extent placement afforded by EDT-DTM. Key to the overall effectiveness of EDT-DTM is its ability to consolidate load within tiers when feasible, rapidly respond to unexpected changes in the workload, and carefully control the overhead due to extent migration. Our results using production workloads show that EDT incurs lower capital and operating cost, consumes less power, and delivers similar or better performance relative to SAS-only storage systems as well as other simpler approaches to extent-based tiering.

关键词： Cost effectiveness

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the SCADS director: Scaling a distributed storage system under stringent performance requirements 9

The SCADS director: Scaling a distributed storage system und...

引用

9th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2011

作者： Trushkowsky, Beth Bodík, Peter Fox, Armando Franklin, Michael J. Jordan, Michael I. Patterson, David A. University of California Berkeley United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971829

Elasticity of cloud computing environments provides an economic incentive for automatic resource allocation of stateful systems running in the cloud. However, these systems have to meet strict performance Service-Level Objectives (SLOs) expressed using upper percentiles of request latency, such as the 99th. Such latency measurements are very noisy, which complicates the design of the dynamic resource allocation. We design and evaluate the SCADS Director, a control framework that reconfigures the storage system on-the-fly in response to workload changes using a performance model of the system. We demonstrate that such a framework can respond to both unexpected data hotspots and diurnal workload patterns without violating strict performance SLOs.

关键词： Resource allocation

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Exploiting Half-wits: Smarter storage for low-power devices 9

Exploiting Half-wits: Smarter storage for low-power devices

引用

9th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2011

作者： Salajegheh, Mastooreh Wang, Yue Fu, Kevin Jiang, Anxiao Learned-Miller, Erik Department of Computer Science University of Massachusetts Amherst United States Department of Computer Science and Engineering Texas A and M University United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971829

this work analyzes the stochastic behavior of writing to embedded flash memory at voltages lower than recommended by a microcontroller's specifications to reduce energy consumption. Flash memory integrated within a microcontroller typically requires the entire chip to operate on common supply voltage almost double what the CPU portion requires. Our approach tolerates a lower supply voltage so that the CPU may operate in a more energy efficient manner. Energy efficient coding algorithms then cope with flash memory that behaves unpredictably. Our software-only coding algorithms (in-place writes, multiple-place writes, RS-Berger codes) enable reliable storage at low voltages on unmodified hardware by exploiting the electrically cumulative nature of half-written data in write-once bits. For a sensor monitoring application using the MSP430, coding with in-place writes reduces the overall energy consumption by 34%. In-place writes are competitive when the time spent on computation is at least four times greater than the time spent on writes to flash memory. Our evaluation shows that tightly maintaining the digital abstraction for storage in embedded flash memory comes at a significant cost to energy consumption with minimal gain in reliability.

关键词： Flash memory

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Scale and concurrency of Giga+: file system directories with millions of files 9

Scale and concurrency of Giga+: File system directories with...

引用

9th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2011

作者： Patil, Swapnil Gibson, Garth Carnegie Mellon University United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971829

We examine the problem of scalable file system directories, motivated by data-intensive applications requiring millions to billions of small files to be ingested in a single directory at rates of hundreds of thousands of file creates every second. We introduce a POSIX-compliant scalable directory design, GIGA+, that distributes directory entries over a cluster of server nodes. For scalability, each server makes only local, independent decisions about migration for load balancing. GIGA+ uses two internal implementation tenets, asynchrony and eventual consistency, to: (1) partition an index among all servers without synchronization or serialization, and (2) gracefully tolerate stale index state at the clients. Applications, however, are provided traditional strong synchronous consistency semantics. We have built and demonstrated that the GIGA+ approach scales better than existing distributed directory implementations, delivers a sustained throughput of more than 98,000 file creates per second on a 32-server cluster, and balances load more efficiently than consistent hashing.

关键词： file organization

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Emulating Goliath storage systems with David 11

Emulating Goliath storage systems with David

引用

proceedings of the 9th usenix conference on file and stroage technologies

作者： Nitin Agrawal Leo Arulraj Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau NEC Laboratories America University of Wisconsin-Madison

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971829

Benchmarking file and storage systems on large file-system images is important, but difficult and often infeasible. Typically, running benchmarks on such large disk setups is a frequent source of frustration for file-system evaluators; the scale alone acts as a strong deterrent against using larger albeit realistic benchmarks. To address this problem, we develop David: a system that makes it practical to run large benchmarks using modest amount of storage ormemory capacities readily available on most computers. David creates a "compressed" version of the original file-system image by omitting all file data and laying out metadata more efficiently; an online storage model determines the runtime of the benchmark workload on the original uncompressed image. David works under any file system as demonstrated in this paper with ext3 and btrfs. We find that David reduces storage requirements by orders of magnitude; David is able to emulate a 1 TB target workload using only an 80 GB available disk, while still modeling the actual runtime accurately. David can also emulate newer or faster devices, e.g., we show how David can effectively emulate a multidisk RAID using a limited amount of memory.

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Capo: recapitulating storage for virtual desktops 11

Capo: recapitulating storage for virtual desktops

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proceedings of the 9th usenix conference on file and stroage technologies

作者： Mohammad Shamma Dutch T. Meyer Jake Wires Maria Ivanova Norman C. Hutchinson Andrew Warfield Department of Computer Science University of British Columbia

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971829

Shared storage underlies most enterprise VM deployments because it is an established technology that administrators are familiar with and because it good job of protecting data. However, shared storage is also very expensive to scale. this paper describes Capo, a transparent and persistent block request proxy for virtual machine disk images. Capo reduces the load on shared storage by using local disks as persistent caches, using multicast-based preloading to broadcast read results across a cluster, and by imposing differential durability - dividing a VM's file system into regions of varying writeback frequency. We motivate the system's design through the analysis of a week-long trace of 55 production virtual desktops and then describe and evaluate our implementation. Capo is particularly well suited for virtual desktop deployments, in which large numbers of VMs boot from a small number of "gold master" images and are refreshed on a periodic basis.

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the SCADS director: scaling a distributed storage system under stringent performance requirements 11

The SCADS director: scaling a distributed storage system und...

引用

proceedings of the 9th usenix conference on file and stroage technologies

作者： Beth Trushkowsky Peter Bodík Armando Fox Michael J. Franklin Michael I. Jordan David A. Patterson University of California Berkeley

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971829

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AONT-RS: blending security and performance in dispersed storage systems 11

AONT-RS: blending security and performance in dispersed stor...

引用

proceedings of the 9th usenix conference on file and stroage technologies

作者： Jason K. Resch James S. Plank Development Cleversafe Inc. Chicago IL EECS Department University of Tennessee Knoxville TN

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971829

Dispersing files across multiple sites yields a variety of obvious benefits, such as availability, proximity and reliability. Less obviously, it enables security to be achieved without relying on encryption keys. Standard approaches to dispersal either achieve very high security with correspondingly high computational and storage costs, or low security with lower costs. In this paper, we describe a new dispersal scheme, called AONT-RS, which blends an All-Or-Nothing Transform with Reed-Solomon coding to achieve high security with low computational and storage costs. We evaluate this scheme both theoretically and as implemented with standard open source tools. AONTRS forms the backbone of a commercial dispersed storage system, which we briefly describe and then use as a further experimental testbed. We conclude with details of actual deployments.

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Exploiting half-wits: smarter storage for low-power devices 11

Exploiting half-wits: smarter storage for low-power devices

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proceedings of the 9th usenix conference on file and stroage technologies

作者： Mastooreh Salajegheh Yue Wang Kevin Fu Anxiao Jiang Erik Learned-Miller Department of Computer Science University of Massachusetts Amherst Department of Computer Science and Engineering Texas A&M University

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971829

this work analyzes the stochastic behavior of writing to embedded flash memory at voltages lower than recommended by a microcontroller's specifications to reduce energy consumption. Flash memory integrated within a microcontroller typically requires the entire chip to operate on common supply voltage almost double what the CPU portion requires. Our approach tolerates a lower supply voltage so that the CPU may operate in a more energy efficient manner. Energy efficient coding algorithms then cope with flash memory that behaves *** software-only coding algorithms (in-place writes, multiple-place writes, RS-Berger codes) enable reliable storage at low voltages on unmodified hardware by exploiting the electrically cumulative nature of half-written data in write-once bits. For a sensor monitoring application using the MSP430, coding with in-place writes reduces the overall energy consumption by 34%. In-place writes are competitive when the time spent on computation is at least four times greater than the time spent on writes to flash memory. Our evaluation shows that tightly maintaining the digital abstraction for storage in embedded flash memory comes at a significant cost to energy consumption with minimal gain in reliability.

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