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A performance evaluation and examination of open-source erasure coding libraries for storage 7

A performance evaluation and examination of open-source eras...

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7th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2009

作者： Plank, James S. Luo, Jianqiang Schuman, Catherine D. Xu, Lihao Wilcox-O’Hearn, Zooko University of Tennessee United States Wayne State University United States AllMyData Inc. United States

Over the past five years, large-scale storage installations have required fault-protection beyond RAID-5, leading to a flurry of research on and development of erasure codes for multiple disk failures. Numerous open-source implementations of various coding techniques are available to the general public. In this paper, we perform a head-to-head comparison of these implementations in encoding and decoding scenarios. Our goals are to compare codes and implementations, to discern whether theory matches practice, and to demonstrate how parameter selection, especially as it concerns memory, has a significant impact on a code’s performance. Additional benefits are to give storage system designers an idea of what to expect in terms of coding performance when designing their storage systems, and to identify the places where further erasure coding research can have the most impact. © 2009 usenix Association. All rights reserved.

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Dynamic resource allocation for database servers running on virtual storage 7

Dynamic resource allocation for database servers running on ...

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7th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2009

作者： Soundararajan, Gokul Lupei, Daniel Ghanbari, Saeed Popescu, Adrian Daniel Chen, Jin Amza, Cristiana Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto Canada Department of Computer Science University of Toronto Canada

We introduce a novel multi-resource allocator to dynamically allocate resources for database servers running on virtual storage. Multi-resource allocation involves proportioning the database and storage server caches, and the storage bandwidth between applications according to overall performance goals. the problem is challenging due to the interplay between different resources, e.g., changing any cache quota affects the access pattern at the cache/disk levels below it in the storage hierarchy. We use a combination of on-line modeling and sampling to arrive at near-optimal configurations within minutes. the key idea is to incorporate access tracking and known resource dependencies e.g., due to cache replacement policies, into our performance model. In our experimental evaluation, we use both micro-benchmarks and the industry standard benchmarks TPC-W and TPC-C. We show that our multi-resource allocation approach improves application performance by up to factors of 2.9 and 2.4 compared to state-of-the-art single-resource controllers, and their ad-hoc combination, respectively. © 2009 usenix Association. All rights reserved.

关键词： Resource allocation

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Understanding customer problem troubleshooting from storage system logs 7

Understanding customer problem troubleshooting from storage ...

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7th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2009

作者： Jiang, Weihang Hu, Chongfeng Pasupathy, Shankar Kanevsky, Arkady Li, Zhenmin Zhou, Yuanyuan University of Illinois United States NetApp Inc United States Pattern Insight Inc. United States

Customer problem troubleshooting has been a critically important issue for both customers and system providers. this paper makes two major contributions to better understand this topic. First, it provides one of the first characteristic studies of customer problem troubleshooting using a large set (636,108) of real world customer cases reported from 100,000 commercially deployed storage systems in the last two years. We study the characteristics of customer problem troubleshooting from various dimensions as well as correlation among them. Our results show that while some failures are either benign, or resolved automatically, many others can take hours or days of manual diagnosis to fix. For modern storage systems, hardware failures and misconfigurations dominate customer cases, but software failures take longer time to resolve. Interestingly, a relatively significant percentage of cases are because customers lack sufficient knowledge about the system. We observe that customer problems with attached system logs are invariably resolved much faster than those without logs. Second, we evaluate the potential of using storage system logs to resolve these problems. Our analysis shows that a failure message alone is a poor indicator of root cause, and that combining failure messages with multiple log events can improve low-level root cause prediction by a factor of three. We then discuss the challenges in log analysis and possible solutions. © 2009 NetApp. All rights reserved.

关键词： Sales

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Spyglass: Fast, scalable metadata search for large-scale storage systems 7

Spyglass: Fast, scalable metadata search for large-scale sto...

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7th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2009

作者： Leung, Andrew W. Shao, Minglong Bisson, Timothy Pasupathy, Shankar Miller, Ethan L. University of California Santa Cruz United States NetApp United States

the scale of today’s storage systems has made it increasingly difficult to find and manage files. To address this, we have developed Spyglass, a file metadata search system that is specially designed for large-scale storage systems. Using an optimized design, guided by an analysis of real-world metadata traces and a user study, Spyglass allows fast, complex searches over file metadata to help users and administrators better understand and manage their files. Spyglass achieves fast, scalable performance through the use of several novel metadata search techniques that exploit metadata search properties. Flexible index control is provided by an index partitioning mechanism that leverages namespace locality. Signature files are used to significantly reduce a query’s search space, improving performance and scalability. Snapshot-based metadata collection allows incremental crawling of only modified files. A novel index versioning mechanism provides both fast index updates and "back-in-time" search of metadata. An evaluation of our Spyglass prototype using our real-world, large-scale metadata traces shows search performance that is 1-4 orders of magnitude faster than existing solutions. the Spyglass index can quickly be updated and typically requires less than 0.1% of disk space. Additionally, metadata collection is up to 10× faster than existing approaches. © 2009 usenix Association. All rights reserved.

关键词： Metadata

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Sparse indexing: Large scale, inline deduplication using sampling and locality 7

Sparse indexing: Large scale, inline deduplication using sam...

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7th usenix conference on file and storage technologies, FAST 2009

作者： Lillibridge, Mark Eshghi, Kave Bhagwat, Deepavali Deolalikar, Vinay Trezise, Greg Camble, Peter HP Labs United States UC Santa Cruz United States HP Storage Works Division United States

We present sparse indexing, a technique that uses sampling and exploits the inherent locality within backup streams to solve for large-scale backup (e.g., hundreds of terabytes) the chunk-lookup disk bottleneck problem that inline, chunk-based deduplication schemes face. the problem is that these schemes traditionally require a full chunk index, which indexes every chunk, in order to determine which chunks have already been stored;unfortunately, at scale it is impractical to keep such an index in RAM and a disk-based index with one seek per incoming chunk is far too slow. We perform stream deduplication by breaking up an incoming stream into relatively large segments and deduplicating each segment against only a few of the most similar previous segments. To identify similar segments, we use sampling and a sparse index. We choose a small portion of the chunks in the stream as samples;our sparse index maps these samples to the existing segments in which they occur. thus, we avoid the need for a full chunk index. Since only the sampled chunks’ hashes are kept in RAM and the sampling rate is low, we dramatically reduce the RAM to disk ratio for effective deduplication. At the same time, only a few seeks are required per segment so the chunk-lookup disk bottleneck is avoided. Sparse indexing has recently been incorporated into number of Hewlett-Packard backup products. © 2009 usenix Association. All rights reserved.

关键词： Maps

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Scalable performance of the Panasas parallel file system 6

Scalable performance of the Panasas parallel file system

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6th usenix conference on file and storage technologies

作者： Welch, Brent Unangst, Marc Abbasi, Zainul Gibson, Garth Mueller, Brian Small, Jason Zelenka, Jim Zhou, Bin Panasas Inc. United States Carnegie Mellon United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971560

the Panasas file system uses parallel and redundant access to object storage devices (OSDs), per-file RAID, distributed metadata management, consistent client caching, file locking services, and internal cluster management to provide a scalable, fault tolerant, high performance distributed file system. the clustered design of the storage system and the use of client-driven RAID provide scalable performance to many concurrent file system clients through parallel access to file data that is striped across OSD storage nodes. RAID recovery is performed in parallel by the cluster of metadata managers, and declustered data placement yields scalable RAID rebuild rates as the storage system grows larger. this paper presents performance measures of I/O, metadata, and recovery operations for storage clusters that range in size from 10 to 120 storage nodes, 1 to 12 metadata nodes, and with file system client counts ranging from 1 to 100 compute nodes. Production installations are as large as 500 storage nodes, 50 metadata managers, and 5000 clients.

关键词： Metadata

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AWOL: An adaptive write optimizations layer 6

AWOL: An adaptive write optimizations layer

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6th usenix conference on file and storage technologies

作者： Batsakis, Alexandros Bums, Randal Kanevsky, Arkady Lentini, Jarnes Talpey, thomas Johns Hopkins Univ Baltimore MD 21218 USA Network Appliance Inc Baltimore MD 21218 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971560

Operating system memory managers fail to consider the population of read versus write pages in the buffer pool or outstanding I/O requests when writing dirty pages to disk or network file systems. this leads to bursty I/O patterns, which stall processes reading data and reduce the efficiency of storage. We address these limitations by adaptively allocating memory between write buffering and read caching and by writing dirty pages to disk opportunistically before the operating system submits them for write-back. We implement and evaluate our methods within the Linux (R) operating system and show performance gains of more than 30% for mixed read/write workloads.

关键词： Digital storage

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Towards tamper-evident storage on patterned media 6

Towards tamper-evident storage on patterned media

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6th usenix conference on file and storage technologies

作者： Hartel, Pieter H. Abelmann, Leon Khatib, Mohammed G. Univ Twente Fac Elect Engn Math & Comp Sci NL-7500 AE Enschede Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971560

We propose a tamper-evident storage system based on probe storage with a patterned magnetic medium. this medium supports normal read/write operations by out-of-plane magnetisation of individual magnetic dots. We report on measurements showing that in principle the medium also supports a separate class of write-once operation that destroys the out-of-plane magnetisation property of the dots irreversibly by precise local heating. We discuss the main issues of designing a tamper-evident storage device and file system using the properties of the medium.

关键词： Magnetization

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Avoiding the disk bottleneck in the data domain deduplication file system 6

Avoiding the disk bottleneck in the data domain deduplicatio...

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6th usenix conference on file and storage technologies

作者： Zhu, Benjamin Li, Kai Patterson, Hugo Data Domain Inc. Princeton University United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971560

Disk-based deduplication storage has emerged as the new-generation storage system for enterprise data protection to replace tape libraries. Deduplication removes redundant data segments to compress data into a highly compact form and makes it economical to store backups on disk instead of tape. A crucial requirement for enterprise data protection is high throughput, typically over 100 MB/sec, which enables backups to complete quickly. A significant challenge is to identify and eliminate duplicate data segments at this rate on a low-cost system that cannot afford enough RAM to store an index of the stored segments and may be forced to access an on-disk index for every input segment. this paper describes three techniques employed in the production Data Domain deduplication file system to relieve the disk bottleneck. these techniques include: (1) the Summary Vector, a compact in-memory data structure for identifying new segments;(2) Stream-Informed Segment Layout, a data layout method to improve on-disk locality for sequentially accessed segments;and (3) Locality Preserved Caching, which maintains the locality of the fingerprints of duplicate segments to achieve high cache hit ratios. Together, they can remove 99% of the disk accesses for deduplication of real world workloads. these techniques enable a modern two-socket dual-core system to run at 90% CPU utilization with only one shelf of 15 disks and achieve 100 MB/sec for single-stream throughput and 2 10 MB/sec for multi-stream throughput.

关键词： throughput

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Using utility to provision storage systems 6

Using utility to provision storage systems

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6th usenix conference on file and storage technologies

作者： Strunk, John D. thereska, Eno Faloutsos, Christos Ganger, Gregory R. Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Microsoft Res Cambridge England

ISBN: (纸本)9781931971560

Provisioning a storage system requires balancing the costs of the solution with the benefits that the solution will provide. Previous provisioning approaches have started with a fixed set of requirements and the goal of automatically finding minimum cost solutions to meet them. Such approaches neglect the cost-benefit analysis of the purchasing decision. Purchasing a storage system involves an extensive set of trade-offs between metrics such as purchase cost, performance, reliability, availability, power, etc. Increases in one metric have consequences for others, and failing to account for these trade-offs can lead to a poor return on the storage investment. Using a collection of storage acquisition and provisioning scenarios, we show that utility functions enable this cost-benefit structure to be conveyed to an automated provisioning tool, enabling the tool to make appropriate trade-offs between different system metrics including performance, data protection, and purchase cost.

关键词： Cost benefit analysis

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