The author examines a case study of a beginning expertsystems program at a large regional life insurance company, a program that began with excellent success, but has not been able to follow up on that success. Throu...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0818620595
The author examines a case study of a beginning expertsystems program at a large regional life insurance company, a program that began with excellent success, but has not been able to follow up on that success. Through examination of this case, the author points out lessons that can be learned from this experience, and suggests means of preventing this type of failure in other beginning-expert-systems programs. The first lesson learned is that there must be strong and consistent messages to management that the major benefits of the technology will be missed if the primary purpose of an expert-systems program is seen as short-term cost reduction. Second, there must be strong and consistent messages to management that education of middle managers is essential to the success of the program. Third, for long-term success of the technology, there must be a plan for the development of critical mass in the organization. In many organizations, the best way to achieve critical mass is through the utilization of the experts themselves as end-user developers.
Since 1982 the US National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have collaborated under the NACE-NIST Corrosion Data Program to develop data resour...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0818620595
Since 1982 the US National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have collaborated under the NACE-NIST Corrosion Data Program to develop data resources of interest to the materials science and engineering communities. In the last three years these resources have included expertsystems, which have focused primarily on materials selection and usage applications in industry. A brief history of the program is presented, the expertsystems developed therein are presented, and development methodologies are described. Particular emphasis is placed on the participation of the chemical process, oil and gas, and electric power industries in the NACE-NIST Corrosion Data Program.
Lessons learned from the experience of the Fleet Command Center Battle Management Program (FCCBMP) are documented. FCCBMP is an element of the Defense Advanced Project Agency's Strategic Computing Program (SCP), w...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0818620595
Lessons learned from the experience of the Fleet Command Center Battle Management Program (FCCBMP) are documented. FCCBMP is an element of the Defense Advanced Project Agency's Strategic Computing Program (SCP), which aims to stimulate the development and application of advanced technologies for military problems. FCCBMP has been the most successful of the SCP programs to date in bringing expertsystems into operational use. It is noted that lessons from the FCCBMP program can help in managing the development of expertsystems and systems developed using rapid prototyping. It is concluded that FCCBMP has demonstrated the feasibility of applying expertsystems to operational military problems. When developing expertsystems intended to support operational users, there are strong advantages in developing expertsystems on-site in the operational environment. The use of rapid prototyping does not mean indisciplined development. Rapid prototyping can be managed by selectively adapting traditional software engineering techniques for use during the development phase. The knowledge engineering required by an expertsystem project can suggest improvements to existing methods of operation.
The authors address the problem faced by expertsystem developers who use microcomputer-based expertsystem shells requiring external interfaces to perform functions, such as communication, mathematical operations and...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0818620595
The authors address the problem faced by expertsystem developers who use microcomputer-based expertsystem shells requiring external interfaces to perform functions, such as communication, mathematical operations and file handling, that are not provided by the shells. A software development environment, the Data Resource Knowledge Acquisition and Retrieval Tool (DRKART), provides editing support, both for rules comprising an expertsystem's knowledge base and procedural code required for its external interface. It has a built-in communications subsystem and facilities for recording an expert's efforts in accessing and retrieving information from external data sources. The recorded efforts are stored as C functions in DRKART's relational database along with rule constructs required to call them from the knowledge base. These features enable DRKART to provide a simple but novel methodology for constructing microcomputer-based expertsystems.
The management aspects of developing knowledge-based systems software are examined. These management concepts and heuristics have evolved over the past nine years in conjunction with the development of knowledge-based...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0818620595
The management aspects of developing knowledge-based systems software are examined. These management concepts and heuristics have evolved over the past nine years in conjunction with the development of knowledge-based systems for US Air Force and Army battle managers. However, these development techniques and associated management procedures can also be applied to knowledge-based software systems in general, as well as to software applications which embody operations research and decision analytic technologies. The present discussion of the management methodology uses the example of an ongoing program in artificial intelligence, namely the Heuristic Route Optimization (HERO) program.
The Technician's Assister system (TAS) was developed to demonstrate the feasibility for adaptation to the SQS-53B sonar system's diagnostics. The prototype expertsystem incorporates a hierarchical knowledge b...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0818620595
The Technician's Assister system (TAS) was developed to demonstrate the feasibility for adaptation to the SQS-53B sonar system's diagnostics. The prototype expertsystem incorporates a hierarchical knowledge base design. TAS defines diagnostic testing sequences for system maintenance. Validation of the resulting prototype was performed. TAS provided internal utilities for knowledge base verification. A knowledge-base editor was used to ensure syntactic conformity. The knowledge-base compiler provided diagnostic tests aiding in knowledge accuracy and verified the syntax. A built-in simulator confirmed the data continuity of knowledge base. Data were validated by system-generated rulesets and ambiguity set information. A test-case study of the left correlator database is described. The validation process is divided into three areas: validation of the knowledge base, simulation, and field testing. expert confirmation of the knowledge base and simulation test information was essential for validation. Case simulations were conducted for macromodules and replaceable modules. Consistent results were obtained in the simulated testcase studies.
The project management, knowledge acquisition, and testing traceability of KBSs (knowledge-based systems) are addressed. Conventional software engineering mechanisms are utilized and woven into a process that encompas...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0818620595
The project management, knowledge acquisition, and testing traceability of KBSs (knowledge-based systems) are addressed. Conventional software engineering mechanisms are utilized and woven into a process that encompasses the entire development lifecycle. Over the course of several KBS development projects, a process has been created and a suite of tools that assist in its execution has been selected. The projects have ranged from typical interactive-type systems to embedded and flight-worthy code. It was found that knowledge acquisition is key to the KBS lifecycle. A sophisticated tool, gIBIS, was used to combat this problem. This tool provides a visual and expedient methodology for the categorization of data, its representation and relationships, intuitive interface, and high-level prototyping capabilities. Traditional software engineering mechanisms have been coupled to gIBIS to create a flexible environment for the development and management of KBSs.
The author expands on the ideas of H. A. Simon (1982) in the context of broad social consequences of apparently rational actions as they are influenced by artificial intelligence (AI-oriented) decision processes. He a...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0818620595
The author expands on the ideas of H. A. Simon (1982) in the context of broad social consequences of apparently rational actions as they are influenced by artificial intelligence (AI-oriented) decision processes. He attempts to illustrate four themes: (1) that AI can provide logical methodologies for analyzing, understanding, and providing bases from which to attack the statistical uncertainties and entropic action behaviors necessarily included in intelligent social control processes;(2) that it can be understood and applied by those who are responsible for using such devices and controls;(3) that it requires studying and dealing with strategic alternatives within which many continually active tactical decisions must be included;and (4) that the domain knowledge of experts (who often do not agree) must be captured for any rational decision-making models to be able to bound what might otherwise be social chaos.
The Advanced Automation Methodology Project (AAMP), currently underway at NASA's Johnson Space Center, is described. The AAMP will develop two independent knowledge-based system applications, identify system featu...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0818620595
The Advanced Automation Methodology Project (AAMP), currently underway at NASA's Johnson Space Center, is described. The AAMP will develop two independent knowledge-based system applications, identify system features required to incorporate artificial intelligence upgrades to several US Space Station Freedom systems in the future, and produce an engineering methodology for artificial intelligence system development in the Space Station Freedom program. The AAMP is composed of four teams: the management team, two development teams, and an independent test and verification team. By distributing project management responsibilities among the various management team members, the AAMP has realized several benefits. First, the diverse opinions and experience of the team often help focus management attention on the project's most critical areas. Second, this distributed approach allows team members to participate in the AAMP without having to dedicate full time to the project. Finally, by distributing management responsibilities, the AAMP has capitalized on each member's expertise.
Managers of 36 Japanese corporate AI (artificial intelligence) programs were interviewed about differences they observed between corporate AI programs in Japan and such programs in the USA. Later, a smaller group of t...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0818620595
Managers of 36 Japanese corporate AI (artificial intelligence) programs were interviewed about differences they observed between corporate AI programs in Japan and such programs in the USA. Later, a smaller group of the same subjects was presented with the results from the first survey and asked to make sense of them. The results indicate that greater AI impact on business is going on in Japan due to AI being 'inserted' into business processes that are more self-consciously modeled in Japan than in the USA. The quality framework and process control framework in Japan are creating new forms of AI, from fuzzy reasoning VLSI chips to AI simulators of quality business processes as translations of customer needs. The survey showed a split between first generation AI in Japan that imitated Lisp and Prolog work in the US and second generation AI that downsizes AI. An interesting social spin-off from AI--social connectionism--as an image of Japanese work organizations was also uncovered.
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