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E-gesture: A collaborative architecture for energy-efficient gesture recognition with hand-worn sensor and mobile devices

E-gesture: A collaborative architecture for energy-efficient...

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9th acm conference on embedded networked sensor systems, SenSys 2011

作者： Park, Taiwoo Lee, Jinwon Hwang, Inseok Yoo, Chungkuk Nachman, Lama Song, Junehwa Computer Science KAIST Daejeon 305-701 Korea Republic of Intel Corporation Santa Clara CA 95052 United States Qualcomm Inc. United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450307185

Gesture is a promising mobile User Interface modality that enables eyes-free interaction without stopping or impeding movement. In this paper, we present the design, implementation, and evaluation of E-Gesture, an energy-efficient gesture recognition system using a hand-worn sensor device and a smartphone. E-gesture employs a novel gesture recognition architecture carefully crafted by studying sporadic occurrence patterns of gestures in continuous sensor data streams and analyzing the energy consumption characteristics of both sensors and smartphones. We developed a closed-loop collaborative segmentation architecture, that can (1) be implemented in resource-scarce sensor devices, (2) adaptively turn off power-hungry motion sensors without compromising recognition accuracy, and (3) reduce false segmentations generated from dynamic changes of body movement. We also developed a mobile gesture classification architecture for smartphones that enables HMM-based classification models to better fit multiple mobility situations. © 2011 acm.

关键词： Energy efficiency

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Acoustic shooter localization with a minimal number of single-channel wireless sensor nodes

Acoustic shooter localization with a minimal number of singl...

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9th acm conference on embedded networked sensor systems, SenSys 2011

作者： Sallai, János Lédeczi, Ákos Völgyesi, Péter Vanderbilt University Nashville TN United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450307185

Acoustic shooter localization systems are being rapidly deployed in the field. However, these are standalone systems - either wearable or vehicle-mounted - that do not have networking capability even though the advantages of widely distributed sensing for locating shooters have been demonstrated before. the reason for this is that certain disadvantages of wireless network-based prototypes made them impractical for the military. the system that utilized stationary single-channel sensors required many sensor nodes, while the multi-channel wearable version needed to track the absolute self-orientation of the nodes continuously, a notoriously hard task. this paper presents an approach that overcomes the shortcomings of past approaches. Specifically, the technique requires as few as five single-channel wireless sensors to provide accurate shooter localization and projectile trajectory estimation. Caliber estimation and weapon classification are also supported. In addition, a single node alone can provide reliable miss distance and range estimates based on a single shot as long as a reasonable assumption holds. the main contribution of the work and the focus of this paper is the novel sensor fusion technique that works well with a limited number of observations. the technique is thoroughly evaluated using an extensive shot library. © 2011 acm.

关键词： sensor nodes

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Industry: Beyond interoperability - Pushing the performance of sensor network IP stacks

Industry: Beyond interoperability - Pushing the performance ...

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9th acm conference on embedded networked sensor systems, SenSys 2011

作者： Ko, JeongGil Eriksson, Joakim Tsiftes, Nicolas Dawson-Haggerty, Stephen Vasseur, Jean-Philippe Durvy, Mathilde Terzis, Andreas Dunkels, Adam Culler, David Department of Computer Science Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 United States Box 1263 SE-16429 Kista Sweden Computer Science Division University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 United States Cisco Systems 11 Rue Camille Desmoulins Issy Les Moulineaux 92782 France

ISBN: (纸本)9781450307185

Interoperability is essential for the commercial adoption of wireless sensor networks. However, existing sensor network architectures have been developed in isolation and thus interoperability has not been a concern. Recently, IP has been proposed as a solution to the interoperability problem of low-power and lossy networks (LLNs), considering its open and standards-based architecture at the network, transport, and application layers. We present two complete and interoperable implementations of the IPv6 protocol stack for LLNs, one for Contiki and one for TinyOS, and show that the cost of interoperability is low: their performance and overhead is on par with state-of-the-art protocol stacks custom built for the two platforms. At the same time, extensive testbed results show that the ensemble performance of a mixed network with nodes running the two interoperable stacks depends heavily on implementation decisions and parameters set at multiple protocol layers. In turn, these results argue that the current industry practice of interoperability testing does not cover the crucial topic of the performance and motivate the need for generic techniques that quantify the performance of such networks and configure their run-time behavior. © 2011 acm.

关键词： Interoperability

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Balancing energy, latency and accuracy for mobile sensor data classification

Balancing energy, latency and accuracy for mobile sensor dat...

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9th acm conference on embedded networked sensor systems, SenSys 2011

作者： Chu, David Lane, Nicholas D. Lai, Ted Tsung-Te Pang, Cong Meng, Xiangying Guo, Qing Li, Fan Zhao, Feng Microsoft Research Redmond WA United States Microsoft Research Asia Beijing China National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore Peking University Beijing China Microsoft Shanghai China

ISBN: (纸本)9781450307185

sensor convergence on the mobile phone is spawning a broad base of new and interesting mobile applications. As applications grow in sophistication, raw sensor readings often require classification into more useful application-specific high-level data. For example, GPS readings can be classified as running, walking or biking. Unfortunately, traditional classifiers are not built for the challenges of mobile systems: energy, latency, and the dynamics of mobile. Kobe is a tool that aids mobile classifier development. With the help of a SQL-like programming interface, Kobe performs profiling and optimization of classifiers to achieve an optimal energy-latency-accuracy tradeoff. We show through experimentation on five real scenarios, classifiers on Kobe exhibit tight utilization of available resources. For comparable levels of accuracy traditional classifiers, which do not account for resources, suffer between 66% and 176% longer latencies and use between 31% and 330% more energy. From the experience of using Kobe to prototype two new applications, we observe that Kobe enables easier development of mobile sensing and classification apps. © 2011 acm.

关键词： Software prototyping

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Hierarchical aggregate classification with limited supervision for data reduction in wireless sensor networks

Hierarchical aggregate classification with limited supervisi...

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9th acm conference on embedded networked sensor systems, SenSys 2011

作者： Su, Lu Gao, Jing Yang, Yong Abdelzaher, Tarek F. Ding, Bolin Han, Jiawei Department of Computer Science University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450307185

the main challenge of designing classification algorithms for sensor networks is the lack of labeled sensory data, due to the high cost of manual labeling in the harsh locales where a sensor network is normally deployed. Moreover, delivering all the sensory data to the sink would cost enormous energy. therefore, although some classification techniques can deal with limited label information, they cannot be directly applied to sensor networks since they are designed for centralized databases. To address these challenges, we propose a hierarchical aggregate classification (HAC) protocol which can reduce the amount of data sent by each node while achieving accurate classification in the face of insufficient label information. In this protocol, each sensor node locally makes cluster analysis and forwards only its decision to the parent node. the decisions are aggregated along the tree, and eventually the global agreement is achieved at the sink node. In addition, to control the tradeoff between the communication energy and the classification accuracy, we design an extended version of HAC, called the constrained hierarchical aggregate classification (cHAC) protocol. cHAC can achieve more accurate classification results compared with HAC, at the cost of more energy consumption. the advantages of our schemes are demonstrated through the experiments on not only synthetic data but also a real testbed. © 2011 acm.

关键词： Classification (of information)

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PBN: Towards practical activity recognition using smartphone-based body sensor networks

PBN: Towards practical activity recognition using smartphone...

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9th acm conference on embedded networked sensor systems, SenSys 2011

作者： Keally, Matthew Zhou, Gang Xing, Guoliang Wu, Jianxin Pyles, Andrew Dept. of Computer Science College of William and Mary Williamsburg VA 23187 United States Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 United States School of Computer Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore 639798 Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9781450307185

the vast array of small wireless sensors is a boon to body sensor network applications, especially in the context awareness and activity recognition arena. However, most activity recognition deployments and applications are challenged to provide personal control and practical functionality for everyday use. We argue that activity recognition for mobile devices must meet several goals in order to provide a practical solution: user friendly hardware and software, accurate and efficient classification, and reduced reliance on ground truth. To meet these challenges, we present PBN: Practical Body Networking. through the unification of TinyOS motes and Android smartphones, we combine the sensing power of on-body wireless sensors with the additional sensing power, computational resources, and user-friendly interface of an Android smartphone. We provide an accurate and efficient classification approach through the use of ensemble learning. We explore the properties of different sensors and sensor data to further improve classification efficiency and reduce reliance on user annotated ground truth. We evaluate our PBN system with multiple subjects over a two week period and demonstrate that the system is easy to use, accurate, and appropriate for mobile devices. © 2011 acm.

关键词： Body sensor networks

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Demo: Capacitor leakage aware duty cycle control for energy harvesting wireless sensor networks

Demo: Capacitor leakage aware duty cycle control for energy ...

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9th acm conference on embedded networked sensor systems, SenSys 2011

作者： Shigeta, Ryo Kawahara, Yoshihiro Asami, Tohru Graduate School of Information Science and Technology University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30308 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450307185

Energy harvesting technology is one of the key technologies for the long-term operation of wireless sensor networks. However, power supply from such energy harvesting sources is not as stable as batteries. In order to compensate for the spatial and temporal variations of the energy harvesting sources, an energy storage device is used. Rechargeable batteries are commonly used in wireless sensor nodes. However, batteries can be charged and discharged for only a limited number of cycles. When the harvested energy is small, capacitors are better suited for energy storage because they can be charged and discharged quickly and efficiently. Moreover, the charge-discharge capability of capacitors does not degrade. the only critical problem of capacitors is that their energy leakage is too large to ignore. In this paper, we propose a capacitor leakage aware duty cycle control for energy harvesting wireless sensor networks. Our proposed method focuses on capacitor leakage reduction, which must be considered in a capacitor driven system but has not been considered to date. Our method maximizes the energy usage without degrading system availability by applying optimal control using multiple evaluations of the energy neutral operation and capacitor leakage. © 2011 Authors.

关键词： Energy harvesting

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Offline GC: Trashing reachable objects on tiny devices

Offline GC: Trashing reachable objects on tiny devices

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9th acm conference on embedded networked sensor systems, SenSys 2011

作者： Aslam, Faisal Fennell, Luminous Schindelhauer, Christian thiemann, Peter Uzmi, Zartash Afzal LUMS SSE DHA Lahore 54792 Pakistan University of Freiburg Freiburg 79110 Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781450307185

the ability of tiny embedded devices to run large and feature-rich Java programs is typically constrained by the amount of memory installed on those devices. Furthermore, the useful operation of such devices in a wireless sensor application is limited by their battery life. We propose a garbage collection (GC) scheme called Offline GC which alleviates both these limitations. Our approach defies the current practice in which an object may be deallocated only if it is unreachable. Offline GC allows freeing an object that is still reachable but is guaranteed not to be used again in the program. Furthermore, it may deallocate an object inside a function, a loop or a block where it is last used, even if that object is assigned to a global field. this leads to a larger amount of memory available to a program. Based on an inter-procedural and field-sensitive data flow analysis we identify, during program compilation, the point at which an object can safely be deallocated at runtime. We have designed three algorithms for the purpose of making these offline deallocation decisions. Our implementation of Offline GC indicates a significant reduction in the amount of RAM and the number of CPU cycles needed to run a variety of benchmark programs. Offline GC is shown to increase the average amount of RAM available to a program by up to 82% compared to a typical online garbage collector. Furthermore, the number of CPU cycles consumed in freeing the memory is reduced by up to 94% when Offline GC is used. © 2011 acm.

关键词： sensor networks

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AutoSense: Unobtrusively wearable sensor suite for inferring the onset, causality, and consequences of stress in the field

AutoSense: Unobtrusively wearable sensor suite for inferring...

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9th acm conference on embedded networked sensor systems, SenSys 2011

作者： Ertin, Emre Stohs, Nathan Kumar, Santosh Raij, Andrew Al'Absi, Mustafa Shah, Siddharth Mitra, Somnath Kwon, Taewoo Jeong, Jae Woong Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 United States University of Memphis Memphis TN 38152 United States Universit of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 United States University of Minnesota Duluth MN 55812 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450307185

the effect of psychosocial stress on health has been a central focus area of public health research. However, progress has been limited due a to lack of wearable sensors that can provide robust measures of stress in the field. In this paper, we present a wireless sensor suite called AutoSense that collects and processes cardiovascular, respiratory, and thermoregularity measurements that can inform about the general stress state of test subjects in their natural environment. AutoSense overcomes several challenges in the design of wearable sensor systems for use in the field. First, it is unobtrusively wearable because it integrates six sensors in a small form factor. Second, it demonstrates a low power design;with a lifetime exceeding ten days while continuously sampling and transmitting sensor measurements. third, sensor measurements are robust to several sources of errors and confounds inherent in field usage. Fourth, it integrates an ANT radio for low power and integrated quality of service guarantees, even in crowded environments. the AutoSense suite is complemented with a software framework on a smart phone that processes sensor measurements received from AutoSense to infer stress and other rich human behaviors. AutoSense was used in a 20+ subject real-life scientific study on stress in both the lab and field, which resulted in the first model of stress that provides 90% accuracy. © 2011 acm.

关键词： mHealth

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Aveksha: A hardware-software approach for non-intrusive tracing and profiling of wireless embedded systems

Aveksha: A hardware-software approach for non-intrusive trac...

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9th acm conference on embedded networked sensor systems, SenSys 2011

作者： Tancreti, Matthew Hossain, Mohammad Sajjad Bagchi, Saurabh Raghunathan, Vijay Purdue University West Lafayette IN United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450307185

It is important to get an idea of the events occurring in an embedded wireless node when it is deployed in the field, away from the convenience of an interactive debugger. Such visibility can be useful for post-deployment testing, replay-based debugging, and for performance and energy profiling of various software components. Prior software-based solutions to address this problem have incurred high execution overhead and intrusiveness. the intrusiveness changes the intrinsic timing behavior of the application, thereby reducing the fidelity of the collected profile. Prior hardware-based solutions have involved the use of dedicated ASICs or other tightly coupled changes to the embedded node's processor, which significantly limits their applicability. In this paper, we present Aveksha, a hardware-software approach for achieving the above goals in a non-intrusive manner. Our approach is based on the key insight that most embedded processors have an on-chip debug module (which has traditionally been used for interactive debugging) that provides significant visibility into the internal state of the processor. We design a debug board that interfaces with the on-chip debug module of an embedded node's processor through the JTAG port and provides three modes of event logging and tracing: breakpoint, watchpoint, and program counter polling. Using expressive triggers that the on-chip debug module supports, Aveksha can watch for, and record, a variety of programmable events of interest. A key feature of Aveksha is that the target processor does not have to be stopped during event logging (in the last two of the three modes), subject to a limit on the rate at which logged events occur. Aveksha also performs power monitoring of the embedded wireless node and, importantly, enables power consumption data to be correlated to events of interest. Aveksha is an operating system-agnostic solution. We demonstrate its functionality and performance using three applications running on Telos

关键词： Visibility

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