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Steady and Fair Rate Allocation for Rechargeable sensors in Perpetual sensor Networks 08

Steady and Fair Rate Allocation for Rechargeable Sensors in ...

引用

6th acm conference on embedded networked sensor systems

作者： Fan, Kai-Wei Zheng, Zizhan Sinha, Prasun Ohio State Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Columbus OH 43210 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939906

Renewable energy enables sensor networks with the capability to recharge and provide perpetual data services. Due to low recharging rates and the dynamics of renewable energy such as solar and wind power, providing services without interruptions caused by battery runouts is non-trivial. Most environment monitoring applications require data collection from all nodes at a steady rate. the objective of this paper is to design a solution for fair and high throughput data extraction from all nodes in presence of renewable energy sources. Specifically, we seek to compute the lexicographically maximum data collection rate for each node, such that no node will ever run out of energy. We propose a centralized algorithm and an asynchronous distributed algorithm that can compute the optimal lexicographic rate assignment for all nodes. the centralized algorithm jointly computes the optimal data collection rate for all nodes along with the flows on each link, while the distributed algorithm computes the optimal rate when the routes are pre-determined. We prove the optimality for both the centralized and the distributed algorithms, and use a testbed with 155 sensor nodes to validate the distributed algorithm.

关键词： Rechargeable sensor Networks Rate Assignment

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Distributed Image Search in Camera sensor Networks 08

Distributed Image Search in Camera Sensor Networks

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6th acm conference on embedded networked sensor systems

作者： Yan, Tingxin Ganesan, Deepak Manmatha, R. Univ Massachusetts Dept Comp Sci Amherst MA 01003 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939906

Recent advances in sensor networks permit the use of a large number of relatively inexpensive distributed computational nodes with camera sensors linked in a network and possibly linked to one or more central servers. We argue that the full potential of such a distributed system can be realized if it;is designed As a distributed search engine where images from different sensors can be captured, stored, searched and queried. However, unlike traditional image search engines that are focused on resource-rich situations, the resource limitations of camera sensor networks in terms of energy, bandwidth, computational power, and memory capacity present significant challenges. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a distributed search system over a, camera sensor network where each node is a search engine that senses, stores and searches information. Our work involves innovation at many levels including local storage, local search, and distributed search, all of which are designed to be efficient under the resource constraints of sensor networks. We present an implementation of the search engine on a network of iMote2 sensor nodes equipped with low-power cameras and extended flash storage. We evaluate out-system for a dataset comprising book images, and demonstrate more than two orders of magnitude reduction in the amount of data communicated and Lip to 5x reduction in overall energy consumption over alternate techniques.

关键词： camera sensor networks visterms vocabulary tree distributed search

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IP is Dead, Long Live IP for Wireless sensor Networks 08

IP is Dead, Long Live IP for Wireless Sensor Networks

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6th acm conference on embedded networked sensor systems

作者： Hui, Jonathan W. Culler, David E. Univ Calif Berkeley Arch Rock Corp Berkeley CA 94720 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939906

A decade ago as wireless sensor network research took off many researchers in the field denounced the use of IP as inadequate and in contradiction to the needs of wireless sensor networking. Since then the field has matured, standard links have emerged, and IP has evolved. In this paper, we present the design of a complete IPv6-based network architecture for wireless sensor networks. We validate the architecture with a production-quality implementation that incorporates many techniques pioneered in the sensor network community, including duty-cycled link protocols, header compression, hop-by-hop forwarding, and efficient routing with effective link estimation. In addition to providing interoperability with existing IP devices, this implementation was able to achieve an average duty-cycle of 0.65%, average per-hop latency of 62ms, and a data reception rate of 99.98% over a period of 4 weeks in a real-world home-monitoring application where each node generates one application packet per minute. Our results outperform existing systems that do not adhere to any particular standard or architecture. In light of this demonstration of full IPv6 capability, we review the central arguments that led the field away from IP. We believe that the presence of an architecture, specifically an IPv6-based one, provides a strong foundation for wireless sensor networks going forward.

关键词： network architecture internet internetworking wireless sensor networks IP IPv6 6LoWPAN media management

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Robust Topology Control for Indoor Wireless sensor Networks 08

Robust Topology Control for Indoor Wireless Sensor Networks

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6th acm conference on embedded networked sensor systems

作者： Hackmann, Gregory Chipara, Octav Lu, Chenyang Washington Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn St Louis MO 63130 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939906

Topology control can reduce power consumption and channel contention in wireless sensor networks by adjusting the transmission power. However, topology control for wireless sensor networks faces significant challenges, especially in indoor environments where wireless characteristics are extremely complex and dynamic. We first provide insights on the design of robust topology control schemes based on an empirical study in an office building. For example, our analysis shows that Received Signal Strength Indicator and Link Quality Indicator are not always robust indicators of Packet Reception Rate in indoor environments due to significant multi-path effects. We then present Adaptive and Robust Topology control (ART), a novel and practical topology control algorithm with several salient features: (1) ART is robust in indoor environments as it does riot rely on simplifying assumptions about the wireless properties;(2) ART can adapt to variations in both link quality and contention;(3) ART introduces zero communication overhead for applications which already use acknowledgements. We have implemented ART as a topology layer in TinyOS 2.x. Our topology layer only adds 1.2 bytes of RAM per neighbor and 1.5 kilobytes of ROM, and requires minimal changes to upper-layer routing protocols. the advantages of ART have been demonstrated through empirical results on a 28-node indoor testbed.

关键词： Power Management Topology Control

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Resource Aware Programming in the Pixie OS 08

Resource Aware Programming in the Pixie OS

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6th acm conference on embedded networked sensor systems

作者： Lorincz, Konrad Chen, Bor-rong Waterman, Jason Werner-Allen, Geoff Welsh, Matt Harvard Univ Sch Engn & Appl Sci Cambridge MA 02138 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939906

this paper presents Pixie, a new sensor node operating system designed to support the needs of data-intensive applications. these applications, which include high-resolution monitoring of acoustic, seismic, acceleration, and other signals, involve high data rates and extensive in-network processing. Given the fundamentally resource-limited nature of sensor networks, a pressing concern for such applications is their ability to receive feedback on, and adapt their behavior to, fluctuations in both resource availability and load. the Pixie OS is based on a dataflow programming model based on the concept of resource tickets, a core abstraction for representing resource availability and reservations. By giving the system visibility and fine-grained control over resource management, a broad range of policies can be implemented. To shield application programmers from the burden of managing these details, Pixie provides a suite of resource brokers, which mediate between low-level physical resources and higher-level application demands. Pixie is implemented in NesC and supports limited backwards compatibility with TinyOS. We describe Pixie in the context of two applications: limb motion analysis for patients undergoing treatment for motion disorders, and acoustic target detection using a network of microphones. We present a range of experiments demonstrating Pixie's ability to accurately account for resource availability at runtime and enable a range of both generic and application-specific adaptations.

关键词： Resource-Aware Programming Resource Reservations Wireless sensor Networks

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A Methodology for In-Network Evaluation of Integrated Logical-Statistical Models 08

A Methodology for In-Network Evaluation of Integrated Logica...

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6th acm conference on embedded networked sensor systems

作者： Singh, Anu Ramakrishnan, C. R. Ramakrishnan, I. V. Warren, David S. Wong, Jennifer L. SUNY Stony Brook Dept Comp Sci Stony Brook NY 11794 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939906

Synthesizing high-level semantic knowledge from low-level sensor data is an important problem in many sensor network applications. Programming a network to perform such synthesis in situ is especially difficult due to the stringent resource constraints, unreliable wireless communication, and complex distributed algorithms and network protocols required to manipulate the data. Recently, a declarative programming language called Snlog [5] has been developed to address this problem. However, statistical reasoning for modeling noise in the context of sensor networks has not been addressed in Snlog. In this paper, we develop a methodology based on the PRISM [361 framework, which integrates logical and statistical reasoning, for specifying sensor network programs that deal with noisy data and tolerate faults in the network. the relationship between high-level (synthesized) and low-level (observed) data is captured by logical rules, while statistical models are used to specify computations in the presence of noise and faults. We illustrate our methodology with three examples: (i) estimating temperature at various points in a region, (ii) evaluating the trajectory of an object observed by a sensor network, based on the Hidden Markov Model, and (iii) evaluating most reliable communication paths between sensor nodes. We analyze the results of simulations as well as an experimental deployment to evaluate the practical feasibility of our approach.

关键词： sensor networks In-network analysis Logical-Statistical models

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RI-MAC: A Receiver-Initiated Asynchronous Duty Cycle MAC Protocol for Dynamic Traffic Loads in Wireless sensor Networks 08

RI-MAC: A Receiver-Initiated Asynchronous Duty Cycle MAC Pro...

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6th acm conference on embedded networked sensor systems

作者： Sun, Yanjun Gurewitz, Omer Johnson, David B. Rice Univ Dept Comp Sci Houston TX 77251 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939906

the problem of idle listening is one of the most significant sources of energy consumption in wireless sensor nodes, and many techniques have been proposed based on ditty cycling to reduce this cost. In this paper, we present a new asynchronous duty cycle MAC protocol, called Receiver-Initiated MAC (RI-MAC), that uses receiver-initiated data transmission in order to efficiently and effectively operate over a wide range of traffic loads. RI-MAC attempts to minimize the time a sender and its intended receiver occupy the wireless medium to find a rendezvous time for exchanging data, while still decoupling the sender and receiver's duty cycle schedules. We show the performance of RI-MAC through detailed ns-2 simulation and through measurements of an implementation in TinyOS in a testbed of MICAz motes. Compared to the prior asynchronous duty cycling approach of X-MAC, RI-MAC achieves higher throughput, packet delivery ratio, and power efficiency under a wide range of traffic loads. Especially when there are contending flows, such as bursty traffic or transmissions from hidden nodes, RI-MAC significantly improves throughput and packet delivery ratio. Even under light traffic load for which X-MAC is optimized, RI-MAC achieves the same high performance in terms of packet delivery ratio and latency while maintaining comparable power efficiency.

关键词： sensor networks medium access control asynchronous duty cycling energy ns-2 TinyOS

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Accurate Localization of Low-level Radioactive Source Under Noise and Measurement Errors 08

Accurate Localization of Low-level Radioactive Source Under ...

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6th acm conference on embedded networked sensor systems

作者： Chin, Jren-Chit Yau, David K. Y. Rao, Nageswara S. V. Yang, Yong Ma, Chris Y. T. Shankar, Mallikarjun Purdue Univ Dept Comp Sci W Lafayette IN 47907 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939906

the localization of a radioactive source can be solved in closed-form using 4 ideal sensors and the Apollonius circle in a noise- and error-free environment. When measurement errors and noise such as background radiation are considered, a larger number of sensors is needed to produce accurate results, particularly for extremely low source intensities. In this paper, we present an efficient fusion algorithm that can exploit measurements from n sensors to improve the localization accuracy, and show how the accuracy scales with n. We report testbed results for a 0.911 mu Ci source to illustrate the effectiveness of our algorithm, in particular performance comparisons wit. It state-of-the-art fusion algorithms based on Mean of Estimates (MoE) and Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE). We show that ITP is more accurate than MoE, whereas the choice between ITP and MLE is generally a tradeoff between accuracy and run time efficiency. Higher-intensity radioactive sources are not safe for actual experiments. In this case, we present simulation results based on a validated simulation model. We show that a low-intensity 400 mu Ci source, similar to the radioactivity of a concealed dirty bomb, can be localized to within 32.5 m using a sensor density of about 1 per 1100 m(2) in a surveillance area.

关键词： sensor network radioactive source localization sensor data fusion noise and error management iterative pruning

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Lance: Optimizing High-Resolution Signal Collection in Wireless sensor Networks 08

Lance: Optimizing High-Resolution Signal Collection in Wirel...

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6th acm conference on embedded networked sensor systems

作者： Werner-Allen, Geoffrey Dawnson-Haggerty, Stephen Welsh, Matt Harvard Univ Sch Engn & Appl Sci Cambridge MA 02138 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939906

An emerging class of sensor networks focuses on reliable collection of high-resolution signals from across the network. In these applications, the system is capable of acquiring more data than can be delivered to the base station, due to severe limits on radio bandwidth and energy. Moreover, these systems are unable to take advantage of conventional approaches to in-network data aggregation, given the high data rates and need for raw signals. these systems face an important challenge: how to maximize the overall value of the collected data, subject to resource constraints. In this paper, we describe Lance, a general approach to bandwidth and energy management for reliable data collection in wireless sensor networks. Lance couples the use of optimized, data-driven reliable data collection with a model of energy cost for extracting data from the network. Lance's design decouples resource allocation mechanisms from application-specific policies, enabling flexible customization of the system's optimization metrics. We describe the Lance architecture in detail, demonstrating its use through a range of target applications and resource management policies. We present an extensive study driven by both real and synthetic data distributions, through simulations and runs on a large sensor testbed. We show that Lance maximizes the value of the collected data under a range of resource constraints, achieving near-optimal allocation of radio bandwidth and energy. Finally, we present results from a real sensor network deployment at Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador, in which Lance was used to drive data collection for an eight-node network collecting seismic and acoustic signals from the active volcano.

关键词： Wireless sensor Networks Data Collection Resource Management

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Achieving Stable Network Performance for Wireless sensor Networks 08

Achieving Stable Network Performance for Wireless Sensor Net...

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6th acm conference on embedded networked sensor systems

作者： Lin, Shan Zhou, Gang Wu, Yafeng Whitehouse, Kamin Stankovic, John A. He, Tian Univ Virginia Dept Comp Sci Charlottesville VA 22903 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939906

Extensive empirical results reveal that interference can cause link qualities to change quickly and dramatically. For such highly dynamic links, the short term link quality estimations widely used in existing protocols require frequent measurements and may riot be accurate. As a, result, when these links are selected, end-to-end communication quality varies significantly. Also, route changes occur frequently, introducing traffic oscillation and excessive overhead in network protocols. To achieve good and stable network performance, it is not enough to rise short term link estimation. It is essential to characterize a link's capacity to perform well at a desired level in the presence of interference and environmental changes. therefore, we propose a performance metric called competence. We have incorporated the competence metric into routing algorithm designs. We have also designed and implemented a maintenance framework that stabilizes performance at both link and network layers. this framework allocates the desired performance level among multiple links along an active route by using an end-to-end feedback loop, and enforces the performance level of each link through adaptive transmission power control and retransmission control. In real system evaluations with 48 T-Motes, our solution Outperforms previous protocols significantly and achieves end-to-end stable performance for more than 99% of the time over 24 hours.

关键词： Stable Performance Interference Wireless sensor Network Feedback Control

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