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the design and implementation of a self-calibrating distributed acoustic sensing platform 06

The design and implementation of a self-calibrating distribu...

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SenSys'06: 4th International conference on embedded networked sensor systems

作者： Girod, Lewis Lukac, Martin Trifa, Vlad Estrin, Deborah Computer Science and AI Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 United States Center for Embedded Networked Sensing University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 United States

ISBN: (纸本)1595933433

We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of the Acoustic embedded networked Sensing Box (ENSBox), a platform for prototyping rapid-deployable distributed acoustic sensing systems, particularly distributed source localization. Each ENSBox integrates an ARM processor running Linux and supports key facilities required for source localization: a sensor array, wireless network services, time synchronization, and precise self-calibration of array position and orientation. the ENSBox's integrated, high precision self-calibration facility sets it apart from other platforms. this self-calibration is precise enough to support acoustic source localization applications in complex, realistic environments: e.g., 5 cm average 2D position error and 1.5 degree average orientation error over a partially obstructed 80x50 m outdoor area. Further, our integration of array orientation into the position estimation algorithm is a novel extension of traditional multilateration techniques. We present the result of several different test deployments, measuring the performance of the system in urban settings, as well as forested, hilly environments with obstructing foliage and 20-30 m distances between neighboring nodes. Copyright 2006 acm.

关键词： embedded systems

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Experimental study of concurrent transmission in wireless sensor networks 06

Experimental study of concurrent transmission in wireless se...

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SenSys'06: 4th International conference on embedded networked sensor systems

作者： Son, Dongjin Krishnamachari, Bhaskar Heidemann, John Department of Electrical Engineering-Systems Viterbi School of Engineering University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute Viterbi School of Engineering University of Southern California

ISBN: (纸本)1595933433

We undertake a systematic experimental study of the effects of concurrent packet transmissions in low-power wireless networks. Our measurements, conducted with Mica2 motes equipped with CC1000 radios, confirm that guaranteeing successful packet reception with high probability in the presence of concurrent transmissions requires that the signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) exceed a critical threshold. However, we find a significant variation of about 6 dB in the threshold for groups of radios operating at different transmission powers. We find that it is harder to estimate the level of interference in the presence of multiple interferers. We also find that the measured SINR threshold generally increases with the number of interferers. Our study offers a better understanding of concurrent transmissions and suggests richer interference models and useful guidelines to improve the design and analysis of higher layer protocols. Copyright 2006 acm.

关键词： Wireless sensor networks

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Understanding the causes of packet delivery success and failure in dense wireless sensor networks 06

Understanding the causes of packet delivery success and fail...

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SenSys'06: 4th International conference on embedded networked sensor systems

作者： Srinivasan, Kannan Dutta, Prabal Tavakoli, Arsalan Levis, Philip Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University Computer Science Division UC Berkeley

ISBN: (纸本)1595933433

We present empirical measurements of the packet delivery performance of the Telos and MicaZ sensor platforms. At a high level, their behavior is similar to that of earlier platforms. they exhibit a reception "grey region," and temporal variations in packet loss. Looking more deeply, however, there are subtle differences, and looking deeper still, the patterns behind these complexities become clear. Environmental noise (802.11b) has high spatial correlation. Packet loss occurs when a receiver operating near its noise floor experiences a small decrease in received signal strength, rather than an increase in environmental noise. these variations cause the reception "grey region." Packet losses are highly correlated over short time periods, but are independent over longer periods. Based on these findings, current practices could be easily changed that would greatly improve efficiency and performance.

关键词： Wireless sensor networks

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Demo abstract: A storage-centric camera sensor network

Demo abstract: A storage-centric camera sensor network

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SenSys'06: 4th International conference on embedded networked sensor systems

作者： Mathur, Gaurav Chukiu, Paul Desnoyers, Peter Ganesan, Deepak Shenoy, Prashant Department of Computer Science University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003

ISBN: (纸本)1595933433

Improved energy-efficiency and storage capacity of new-generation NAND flash memory makes a compelling case for storage-centric sensor networks. Such a storage-centric sensor network emphasizes the use of platforms with larger storage and more extensive use of the storage capacities on sensors. We demonstrate the feasibility of storage-centric sensor networks using an instance of a storage-centric camera sensor network that is more energy-efficient in comparison to a traditional camera sensor network. We demonstrate multiple camera sensors, each consisting of a Cyclops camera attached to a MicaZ mote, using motion-triggered image capturing. the captured images are archived locally on flash storage and summaries of detected events are transmitted to the base-station. the base-station picks the events of interest from the summaries and requests the original captured image from the sensor as required. the use of high-capacity energy-efficient flash storage at the sensor allows us to trade-off expensive radio communication for cheaper local storage, improving the life-time of the battery and consequently, the life of the storage-centric camera sensor network.

关键词： sensor networks

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Data compression algorithms for energy-constrained devices in delay tolerant networks 06

Data compression algorithms for energy-constrained devices i...

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SenSys'06: 4th International conference on embedded networked sensor systems

作者： Sadler, Christopher M. Martonosi, Margaret Department of Electrical Engineering Princeton University

ISBN: (纸本)1595933433

sensor networks are fundamentally constrained by the difficulty and energy expense of delivering information from sensors to sink. Our work has focused on garnering additional significant energy improvements by devising computationally-efficient lossless compression algorithms on the source node. these reduce the amount of data that must be passed through the network and to the sink, and thus have energy benefits that are multiplicative with the number of hops the data travels through the ***, if sensor system designers want to compress acquired data, they must either develop application-specific compression algorithms or use off-the-shelf algorithms not designed for resource-constrained sensor nodes. this paper discusses the design issues involved with implementing, adapting, and customizing compression algorithms specifically geared for sensor nodes. While developing sensor LZW (S-LZW) and some simple, but effective, variations to this algorithm, we show how different amounts of compression can lead to energy savings on both the compressing node and throughout the network and that the savings depends heavily on the radio hardware. To validate and evaluate our work, we apply it to datasets from several different real-world deployments and show that our approaches can reduce energy consumption by up to a factor of 4.5X across the network. Copyright 2006 acm.

关键词： Wireless sensor networks

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X-MAC: A short preamble MAC protocol for duty-cycled wireless sensor networks 06

X-MAC: A short preamble MAC protocol for duty-cycled wireles...

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SenSys'06: 4th International conference on embedded networked sensor systems

作者： Buettner, Michael Yee, Gary V. Anderson, Eric Han, Richard Department of Computer Science University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO United States

ISBN: (纸本)1595933433

In this paper we present X-MAC, a low power MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Standard MAC protocols developed for duty-cycled WSNs such as BMAC, which is the default MAC protocol for TinyOS, employ an extended preamble and preamble sampling. While this "low power listening" approach is simple, asynchronous, and energy-efficient, the long preamble introduces excess latency at each hop, is suboptimal in terms of energy consumption, and suffers from excess energy consumption at nontarget receivers. X-MAC proposes solutions to each of these problems by employing a shortened preamble approach that retains the advantages of low power listening, namely low power communication, simplicity and a decoupling of transmitter and receiver sleep schedules. We demonstrate through implementation and evaluation in a wireless sensor testbed that X-MAC's shortened preamble approach significantly reduces energy usage at both the transmitter and receiver, reduces per-hop latency, and offers additional advantages such as flexible adaptation to both bursty and periodic sensor data sources. Copyright 2006 acm.

关键词： Wireless sensor networks

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Lazy cross-link removal for geographic routing 06

Lazy cross-link removal for geographic routing

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SenSys'06: 4th International conference on embedded networked sensor systems

作者： Kim, Young-Jin Govindan, Ramesh Karp, Brad Shenker, Scott University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 University College London WC1E 6BT United Kingdom UCB ICSI Berkeley CA 94704

ISBN: (纸本)1595933433

Geographic techniques promise highly scalable any-to-any routing in wireless sensor networks. In one thread of research on geographic routing, researchers have explored robust, distributed graph planarization. Arguing that such planarization techniques have high overhead, researchers have more recently pursued a thread in which they propose precomputation of routing structures (e.g., hull trees and grids) to achieve low-overhead geographic *** this paper we introduce a third approach, LCR, that does not involve any precomputation of distributed routing structures, nor full a priori planarization. Instead, LCR removes non-planarities lazily only when they interfere with correct geographic routing. Lazy removal of link crossings results in an order of magnitude or more lower overhead than any previously proposed approach. Copyright 2006 acm.

关键词： Wireless sensor networks

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StarDust: A flexible architecture for passive localization in wireless sensor networks 06

StarDust: A flexible architecture for passive localization i...

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SenSys'06: 4th International conference on embedded networked sensor systems

作者： Stoleru, Radu Vicaire, Pascal He, Tian Stankovic, John A. Department of Computer Science University of Virginia Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Minnesota

ISBN: (纸本)1595933433

the problem of localization in wireless sensor networks where nodes do not use ranging hardware, remains a challenging problem, when considering the required location accuracy, energy expenditure and the duration of the localization phase. In this paper we propose a framework, called StarDust, for wireless sensor network localization based on passive optical components. In the StarDust framework, sensor nodes are equipped with optical retro-reflectors. An aerial device projects light towards the deployed sensor network, and records an image of the reflected light. An image processing algorithmis developed for obtaining the locations of sensor nodes. For matching a node ID to a location we propose a constraint-based label relaxation algorithm. We propose and develop localization techniques based on four types of constraints: node color, neighbor information, deployment time for a node and deployment location for a node. We evaluate the performance of a localization system based on our framework by localizing a network of 26 sensor nodes deployed in a 120-60ft2 area. the localization accuracy ranges from 2 ft to 5 ft while the localization time ranges from 10 milliseconds to 2 minutes. Copyright 2006 acm.

关键词： Wireless sensor networks

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Run-time dynamic linking for reprogramming wireless sensor networks 06

Run-time dynamic linking for reprogramming wireless sensor n...

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SenSys'06: 4th International conference on embedded networked sensor systems

作者： Dunkels, Adam Finne, Niclas Eriksson, Joakim Voigt, thiemo Swedish Institute of Computer Science Box 1263 SE-16429 Kista Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)1595933433

From experience with wireless sensor networks it has become apparent that dynamic reprogramming of the sensor nodes is a useful feature. the resource constraints in terms of energy, memory, and processing power make sensor network reprogramming a challenging task. Many different mechanisms for reprogramming sensor nodes have been developed ranging from full image replacement to virtual *** have implemented an in-situ run-time dynamic linker and loader that use the standard ELF object file format. We show that run-time dynamic linking is an effective method for reprogramming even resource constrained wireless sensor nodes. To evaluate our dynamic linking mechanism we have implemented an application-specific virtual machine and a Java virtual machine and compare the energy cost of the different linking and execution models. We measure the energy consumption and execution time overhead on real hardware to quantify the energy costs for dynamic *** results suggest that while in general the overhead of a virtual machine is high, a combination of native code and virtual machine code provide good energy efficiency. Dynamic run-time linking can be used to update the native code, even in heterogeneous networks. Copyright 2006 acm.

关键词： Wireless sensor networks

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Supporting concurrent applications in wireless sensor networks 06

Supporting concurrent applications in wireless sensor networ...

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SenSys'06: 4th International conference on embedded networked sensor systems

作者： Yu, Yang Rittle, Loren J. Bhandari, Vartika LeBrun, Jason B. Pervasive Platforms and Architectures Lab. Applications Research Center Motorola Labs. Department of Computer Science University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Department of Computer Engineering University of California Davis

ISBN: (纸本)1595933433

It is vital to support concurrent applications sharing a wireless sensor network in order to reduce the deployment and administrative costs, thus increasing the usability and efficiency of the network. We describe Melete1, a system that supports concurrent applications with efficiency, reliability, flexibility, programmability, and scalability. Our work is based on the Maté virtual machine [1] with significant modifications and enhancements. Melete enables reliable storage and execution of concurrent applications on a single sensor node. Dynamic grouping is used for flexible, on-the-fly deployment of applications based on contemporary status of the sensor nodes. the grouping procedure itself is programmed with the TinyScript language. A group-keyed code dissemination mechanism is also developed for reliable and efficient code distribution among sensor nodes. Both analytical and simulation results are presented to study the impact of several key parameters and optimization techniques on the code dissemination mechanism. Simulation results indicate satisfactory scalability of our techniques to both application code size and node density. the usefulness and effectiveness of Melete is also validated by empirical study. Copyright 2006 acm.

关键词： Wireless sensor networks

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