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Alignment of scalp electrode positions and MRI data sets. Weighted geometrical moments and removing outliers-compensation of incorrect digitization of head surface points

Alignment of scalp electrode positions and MRI data sets. We...

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Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： D. Kozinska K. Nowinski University of Warmia and Mazury Warsaw Poland

ISBN: (纸本)0780364651

Introducing weights into computation of geometrical moments is found to remarkably increase the accuracy of geometrical moments based alignment that determines the initial guess for the next stage of coregistration process. Introducing the removing outliers procedure and repeating the distance based alignment after that reduced the final alignment error (average distance) for our tested data sets. Introducing both these improvements increases reliability of the method, in the case of nonuniformly/inattentively digitized head surface points or incompatibility between them and MRI volume of the head, while the comfort of patients and medical personnel, as well as automacy are preserved.

关键词： Scalp Head Magnetic resonance imaging Personnel Testing distributed computing Biomedical electrodes Electroencephalography Data mining Gravity

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Lung dose calculations at fluoroscopic X-ray energies using a model-based treatment planning system

Lung dose calculations at fluoroscopic X-ray energies using ...

引用

Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： P. Alaei B.J. Gerbi R.A. Geise Department of Radiology University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA Department of Therapeutic Radiology University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA Department of Radiology University of Minnesota Minneapolis MI USA

Accurate determination of the dose to various organs from diagnostic X-rays has become increasingly important in recent years because of incidents of radiation injury to patients undergoing certain interventional fluoroscopically-guided procedures. We have modified a convolution/superposition-based treatment planning system (ADAC Pinnacle) and used it to determine the dose distribution within the body from kilovoltage X-rays and computed the lung dose from them. We compared the average lung doses calculated by the planning system to those of a widely used organ dose calculation program (CDI3) for 32 different field sizes and orientations using a standard man phantom. We then used the system to compute average lung doses from a simulated ablation procedure and compared our results to published doses for similar procedures. Doses calculated using Pinnacle were an average of 20% lower for AP beams and 10% higher for PA beams than those obtained using CDI3. The ratio of the average dose to the lungs to the skin dose from the simulated ablation procedure ranged from 15% higher to 30% lower than that estimated by other authors. In conclusion, our results show that a treatment planning system can be a viable tool to calculate organ doses in the diagnostic energy range. There are differences between our results and those obtained by other methods which can be partly explained by the variations among the different methods.

关键词： Lungs Imaging phantoms Radiology Medical treatment Skin Monte Carlo methods Injuries distributed computing Computational modeling Dosimetry

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Point flux PL-estimators for Monte Carlo dose calculations

Point flux PL-estimators for Monte Carlo dose calculations

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Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： E.N. Donskoy Sarov N. Novgorod Region Russian Federation Nuclear Center All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics Russia

ISBN: (纸本)0780364651

At 3D dosimetry planning in radiation therapy, point flux PL-estimators are convenient for Monte Carlo dose calculations in a human body. The method of construction of PL-estimators is based on a property of local optical invariance under spatial shifts of trajectories of the Markov process related to the transport equation. It allows one to receive unbiased estimators, possessing a final variance and a property of continuity of the estimator as a function of a detecting point at each point of continuity of an estimated functional. The algorithm of dose calculation with use of PL-estimators includes the following steps: (a) construction of the main trajectory in the infinite homogeneous water medium; (b) construction of "enclosed" trajectory with smaller number of links, "close" to the main trajectory; (c) construction of a set of similar trajectories (in the case of a heterogeneous medium with various chemical structure); (d) calculation of the contribution to the dose value at each detecting point. The dose calculation time with use of the given algorithm is directly proportional to the number of detecting points.

关键词： Monte Carlo methods Dosimetry Medical treatment Humans Markov processes Equations Chemicals distributed computing Quantum computing Fluctuations

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The MLC tongue-and-groove effect on IMRT dose distributions

The MLC tongue-and-groove effect on IMRT dose distributions

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Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： J. Deng T. Pawlicki Y. Chen J.S. Li S.B. Jiang C.-M. Ma Radiation Oncology Department Stanford University School of Medicine Sanford CA USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780364651

The authors have investigated the tongue-and-groove effect on the IMRT dose distributions using the EGS4/MCDOSE Monte Carlo code. They have compared the dose distributions computed by MCDOSE using the fluence maps with and without tongue-and-groove effect. Their results showed that, for one intensity modulated treatment field, the tongue-and-groove effect could be seen clearly in the dose distributions. For an IMRT treatment with multiple gantry angles, the difference between the dose distributions with and without the tongue-and-groove effect was reduced significantly. After considering the setup errors, however, no distinguished discrepancies were found, indicating that, for IMRT treatment planning, the tongue-and-groove effect can be neglected due to its negligible impact on the overall dose distributions.

关键词： Monte Carlo methods Tongue distributed computing Intensity modulation Cancer Collimators Neoplasms Electromagnetic scattering Particle scattering Particle beams

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Simulation of X-ray irradiation on human hand

Simulation of X-ray irradiation on human hand

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Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： F. Amaya M. Montoya Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Lima Peru

ISBN: (纸本)0780364651

The authors used the MCNP Monte Carlo code for the simulation of a human hand X-rays irradiation with radiodiagnostic energies. They calculated bone dose considering a human hand with soft tissue -water- and bones composed with biological tissue -C, H, O, N, Mg, P, Ca and S-. The authors' geometry considers a hand irradiated with a million X-rays photons from a punctual source at a distance of 70 cm. These photons are directed and distributed inside an air conic angle on the hand. To economise computing time, the authors consider empty the part outside the cone. For the physics interpretation from the results obtained with the MCNP code, the authors performed a bone dose estimate considering: a) bone material (water, calcium and bone tissue); b) bone thickness (0.01; 0.1; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 3.0 cm) and c) source-hand distance (30, 50, 70, 90 cm). The authors calculate photon transmission percent through soft tissue and bone tissue from the number of photons that reach the radiographic film after passing through soft tissue or bone tissue for the human hand and its geometric configuration.

关键词： Humans Biological tissues Bone tissue Biological system modeling Calcium Monte Carlo methods Geometry Biology computing Physics Biological materials

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Dragonfly: linking conceptual and implementation architectures of multiuser interactive systems 00

Dragonfly: linking conceptual and implementation architectur...

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proceedings of the 22nd international conference on Software engineering

作者： Gary E. Anderson T. C. Nicholas Graham Timothy N. Wright Department of Computing and Information Science Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada Department of Computer Science University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch New Zealand

ISBN: (纸本)9781581132069

Software architecture styles for developing multiuser applications are usually defined at a conceptual level, abstracting such low-level issues of distributed implementation as code replication, caching strategies and concurrency control policies. Ultimately, such conceptual architectures must be cast into code. The iterative design inherent in interactive systems implies that significant evolution will take place at the conceptual level. Equally, however, evolution occurs at the implementation level in order to tune performance. This paper introduces Dragonfly, a software architecture style that maintains a tight, bidirectional link between conceptual and implementation software architectures, allowing evolution to be performed at either level. Dragonfly has been implemented in the Java-based Telecomputing Developer (TCD) toolkit.

关键词： software architecture user interface development toolkits groupware

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Gradients and intensity modulated radiotherapy

Gradients and intensity modulated radiotherapy

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Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： J.M. Kapatoes G. Olivera P. Reckwerdt H. Keller J. Balog T.R. Mackie Department of Medical Physics University of Wisconsin Madison WI USA Tomotherapy Inc. Middleton WI USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780364651

A consequence of the advent of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is the presence of large dose gradients surrounding the tumor, and the regions at risk (RAR's) near the tumor. Unlike standard radiotherapy, these gradients are not the chance result of a few beam choices, but rather they are strategically placed by the optimization software. A first issue is the magnitude of these gradients. Optimal dose plans were simulated for four clinical cases using experimental helical tomotherapy optimization software. It was found that high gradients could be divided into two categories: avoidance gradients and incidental gradients. Avoidance gradients are associated with tumor/RAR boundaries and tend to be larger, on the order of 30% per cm or higher. Incidental gradients are a secondary consequence of the optimizer doing its job: placing a large amount of dose confined to the target volume. Incidental gradients tend to be on the order of 15%-20% per cm.

关键词： Intensity modulation Computed tomography Medical simulation Breast neoplasms Biomedical applications of radiation Design optimization Spinal cord Lung neoplasms Software standards distributed computing

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Calculation of dose distributions with constraint checking for Siemens Virtual Wedge

Calculation of dose distributions with constraint checking f...

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Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： M. Miften X.R. Zhu K. Takahashi F. Lopez M.T. Gillin Comput.. Med. Syst. Inc. St. Louis MO USA Medical College Milwaukee WI USA Computerized Medical Systems Inc. Saint Louis MO USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780364651

Radiation therapy treatment planning for many clinical situations requires wedge-shaped isodose distributions. The wedged dose distributions can be generated through the use of physical wedges, motorized wedges, and the synchronization of jaw or multileaf collimator dynamic motion with accelerator dose output. The Siemens Virtual Wedge (VW) delivers wedged shaped dose distributions by combining computer controlled dose delivery with collimator motion. In this paper, we describe a model to calculate dose for VW using either the Clarkson or convolution/superposition algorithms. The VW implementation models the dose generated by VW using the Siemens monitor units (MU) analytic formalism which determines the number of MU required to deliver dose at points across the VW beam. For any treatment setup, the VW algorithm generates an intensity matrix that will be used to model the modification of fluence emanating from the source. The intensity (transmission) map is calculated as the ratio of the MU delivered on the axis divided by the monitor units delivered on the central-axis MU(O); MU(O) is also the number of monitor units that is entered at the machine console. The MCT analytic formalism used for calculating the intensity matrix (which affects the calculation of dose) may be modified through the fine tuning of the attenuation correction factor.

关键词： Collimators Condition monitoring Biomedical applications of radiation distributed computing Quantum computing Motion control Shape control Convolution Computerized monitoring Attenuation

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Comparison of dosimetric properties of virtual wedge and physical wedges

Comparison of dosimetric properties of virtual wedge and phy...

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Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： X.R. Zhu M.T. Gillin F. Lopez D.F. Grimm J.J. Rownd Department of Radiation Oncology Medical College Milwaukee WI USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780364651

The authors present a direct comparison of dosimetric properties of Siemens virtual wedge (VW) and physical wedge (PW). While there is a great difference in absolute values of wedge factors, VW factors (VWFs) and PW factors (PWFs) have a similar trend as a function of field size. PWFs have stronger depth dependence than VWF because of beam hardening in PW fields. Dose profiles in the wedge direction are match very well between VW and PW except in the toe area of the 45/spl deg/ wedge with large field sizes, where PW fields have a higher peak. The authors have demonstrated that it is dosimetrically acceptable to have an initial gap up to 3 cm for VW fields when compared with PW dose profiles. While maintaining the desired wedged dose distribution, VW has an advantage of creating smaller hot spot, when compared with PW, in the toe region of 45/spl deg/ wedge fields with large field sizes. Dose profiles in the non-wedge direction shows a significant reduction in PW fields due to off-axis beam softening and oblique filtration. PW fields also have significantly higher peripheral doses than open and VW fields. VW fields have similar surface doses as the open fields while PW fields have slightly lower surface doses.

关键词： Imaging phantoms Linear accelerators Performance evaluation Sensor arrays Detectors Size measurement distributed computing Physics computing Motion control Collimators

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A new recursive algorithm for optimization in intensity modulated radiotherapy

A new recursive algorithm for optimization in intensity modu...

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Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： S.U. Ahmad A. Rahim Leyma Lim Chong Jen Division of Information EngineeringSchool of Elecbical 8c Electronic Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)0780364651

Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) offers considerable advantages over traditional radiotherapy systems as highly conformal dose distribution can be achieved by this technique. But the dose optimization problems of IMRT are, however, formulated as ill-posed inverse problem. It concerns the delivery of proper radiation dose to a tumor, at the same time it maintains the minimum dose level at radiosensitive parts of the treatment regime to avoid irreparable radiation damage. Hence, there exist 2 mutually contradictory issues in the dose optimization objective that limit the success of different iterative optimization algorithms. Here, the authors have formulated a state-space model for the dose-beam relationship in IMRT. They propose a 2-D steady state Kalman filter-type algorithm to determine intensity-modulated beams, which yields an optimized dose distribution. The evaluation of this new approach is done with extensive computer simulations using 2-D body sections with different irregular target shapes and radiosensitive organs. With pre-selected number of equispaced beams, field size and ignoring scattering from regional beam sources, the authors allowed the program to obtain an optimum beam intensity solution that would most closely match the clinically prescribed dose-values. The simulation results showed that this new approach has a great potential to be used as an optimization tool in radiotherapy treatment planning.

关键词： Intensity modulation Inverse problems Neoplasms Iterative algorithms Steady-state Kalman filters distributed computing Optical modulation Stochastic processes Computer simulation

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