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Role of non-coplanar beams in IMRT

Role of non-coplanar beams in IMRT

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Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： A. Pugachev J.G. Li A.L. Boyer L. Xing Radiation Oncology Department Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780364651

The authors have investigated the benefits of using noncoplanar beams with optimized directions for intensity modulated radiation therapy. They have considered three typical cases of localized prostate cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, and paraspinal treatment. Nine fields were used for each treatment. For all cases, three types of treatment plan optimization were done: (1) nine uniformly spaced coplanar beams with optimized beam intensity profiles; (2) beam orientations and beam profiles were optimized, but only coplanar beams were allowed; (3) similar to (2), except that non-coplanar beams were allowed during beam orientation optimization. Simulated annealing was used for beam orientation optimization and an iterative optimization algorithm was used for beam intensity profile optimization. For the localized prostate case, all three types of optimization described above resulted in a dose distribution of similar quality. For the nasopharyngeal case, optimized non-coplanar beams provided a significant improvement in GTV coverage. For the paraspinal case, orientation optimization of non-coplanar beams resulted in significant improvement of kidney sparing and In increased GTV coverage. It is concluded that the use of non-coplanar beams with optimized orientations presents a viable option to improve target coverage and critical structure sparing in complicated cases.

关键词： Biomedical applications of radiation Intensity modulation Simulated annealing Stochastic processes Optical modulation Prostate cancer Iterative algorithms Battery powered vehicles distributed computing Sampling methods

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Absolute and relative dose distribution comparisons for convolution/superposition and Monte Carlo based treatment planning

Absolute and relative dose distribution comparisons for conv...

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Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： N. Papanikolaou S. Stathakis C. Kappas School of Medicine Lexington Department of Radiation Medicine University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA School of Medicine Patras Department of Medical Physics University of Patras Patras Greece

ISBN: (纸本)0780364651

Historically, the algorithms used for dose computation in radiotherapy treatment planning (RTP) have been based on measured data in water. The so-called model based algorithms (convolution, Monte Carlo) are now emerging as the dose engines of choice for 3D RTP as they can predict more accurately the dose distribution inside the patient based on the CT anatomy with minimum measured data input. In this work, we studied the effect of the dimensionality of a convolution/superposition dose algorithm on the absolute dose and relative dose distribution computed in several clinical cases and compared the outcome to Monte Carlo calculations. The convolution algorithm, calculates the dose at a point by summing together the total energy released per unit mass (TERMA) at all primary interaction sites as modified by the convolution kernel; the latter, reflects the percent of the energy released that is absorbed at the dose deposition site. Patient tissue inhomogeneity can be (i) ignored, (ii) included in the TERMA calculation only and (iii) included in both the TERMA and the convolution kernel. The resulting isodose distribution and monitor units correspond then to a homogeneous, 2.5D and 3D calculation type respectively. We used four clinical cases to study the dimensionality of the dose engine and compare to MC. We found remarkable differences between the three convolution calculation modes, but not much difference against the MC computations. The dosimetric and clinical implications in the choice of the algorithm are presented as applied to the clinical sites that were investigated.

关键词： Convolution Monte Carlo methods distributed computing Engines Kernel Anatomy Patient monitoring Linear accelerators Lungs Quantum computing

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Variations between in-water and in-air root-mean squared spatial width of an electron pencil beam for blocked electron cutouts compared to open standard fields

Variations between in-water and in-air root-mean squared spa...

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Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： S. Nagappan A.M. Kalend G.C. King R. Mogus Department of Radiation Oncology Medical Physics Division University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh PA USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780364651

Increasingly electron treatment fields are varying widely from small ocular ports to large breast square or long neck's rectangular ports. Their dose distributions are commonly calculated by pencil beam algorithms computing broad dose distributions from summing several elemental electron Pencils. Accurate electron pencil modeling (Pinnacle) requires determining the pencil's critical parameters including its spatial spread (/spl tau///spl rho/) typically one value for each electron beam energy. Spreads (/spl sigma//sub RMS-air/) are deduced from penumbral decrements (i.e., ICRU-35) of the broadest electron beam profiles in air, which algorithms scale to tissue through water-to-air ratios of electron mass-scattering powers (/spl tau///spl rho/). It is possible however, to assess pencil spreads (/spl sigma//sub RMS-water/) directly by ionization scans at depths in water for narrow blocked as well as broad electron fields at different source-to-skin distances (SSD). This paper presents extensive electron pencil spreads in rising field sizes and SSD between air and water, and assesses the media pencil spreads (/spl sigma/(RMS-air) /spl sigma//sub RMS-water/) ratios changing with typical treatment cutouts versus standard open fields. Gaussian pencil spreads (/spl sigma//sub RMS-air/) in air were found in direct constant proportionality (1/[2/spl pi/]/sup 1/2/) to penumbra widths for limited broad fields, but poorly correlated for narrow beams. Water widths and spreads showed limited constant scaling yet their ratios deviated significantly from proportionality for shrinking field ports. Hence for accurate clinical dose commission, an electron pencil that models small as well as large field treatments, may demand RMS values characterized both in air and water, and also scaled empirically with rising electron field diameters or treatment distances.

关键词： Electron beams Ionization Breast Neck distributed computing Water resources Cancer Computational modeling Convolution Energy measurement

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Measured vs. calculated off-axis wedged dose distributions

Measured vs. calculated off-axis wedged dose distributions

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Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： A. Sethi L. Leybovich N. Dogan G. Glasgow Department of Radiation Oncology Loyola University Medical Center Maywood IL USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780364651

Wedge filters are frequently used in the clinic to improve target dose homogeneity. All physical wedges have a uniform thickness along the non-wedged direction. Therefore wedged field profiles show a "sagging effect" In this direction. Most treatment planning systems (TPS) assume an open field profile when calculating wedged dose distributions in the off-axis plane. Although this effect has been discussed in literature, a detailed analysis of calculated and measured dose distributions was not reported. Wedged dose distributions in the non-wedged direction were systematically measured for VARIAN 600CD 6 MV photons for all available wedge angles and a range of off-axis distances. Measured results were compared against dose distributions calculated by 3D FOCUS TPS. It was found that, depending on the field size, wedge angle and off-axis distance, the difference between measured and planned calculated doses may exceed 10%. In planes close to the central axis, the TPS overestimated the delivered dose, whereas in the distant off-axis planes the delivered dose was underestimated. This may lead to an appreciable underdosing and/or overdosing In the peripheral regions of the PTV. A three dimensional "wedge compensator" (3DWC) was designed for each wedge angle to be used in conjunction with the wedge filters. This 3DWC was used for dose distribution calculations only. The shape of this "wedge compensator" was determined by analyzing differences between measured and calculated dose distributions. Wedged dose distributions were recalculated using 3DWC. Excellent agreement between calculated and measured dose distributions was achieved.

关键词： Filters Shape measurement Electromagnetic scattering Particle scattering Performance evaluation Collision mitigation Oncology Biomedical applications of radiation distributed computing Attenuation

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Dependable distributed systems

Dependable distributed systems

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The 1999 32nd Annual Hawaii international conference on System Sciences, HICSS-32

作者： Azadmanesh, Azad H. Krings, Axel W. Kieckhafer, Roger M. Univ of Nebraska at Omaha Omaha NE United States

With the constant changes in computer and networking technology, the traditional research in fault tolerance has evolved drastically. Some of the causes for these changes are discussed. Dependable distributed systems cover traditional research areas as well as addressing the needs of growing interest in software development techniques and distributed computing.

关键词： distributed computer systems

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Atomic commitment in database systems over active networks

Atomic commitment in database systems over active networks

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international conference on Data Engineering

作者： Z. Zhang W. Perrizo V.T.-S. Shi Computer science Department Frago ND USA

Traditional communication networks have functioned only to deliver information packets from one end system to another. As the cost of computing power continues to decrease, it is worthwhile to consider the benefits of adding more of that computing power to the network itself, either to enhance services or to trade off against other costs such as time, bandwidth and storage. This new area of research is called Active networking. Active networking represents a new approach in which network switches or nodes perform customized computing as the messages flowing through them. This paper proposes a novel approach to atomic commitment of transactions in distributed database systems. In our approach, active nodes participate in the process of atomic commitment of distributed transactions by maintaining passive "blackboards" which record voting status of participant subtransactions. One active node is delegated the coordinator function so that when rendezvous is there, commit decisions can be made. Since the decision is made from an internal network node (selected to be close to the participant nodes), the uncertainty time delay can be significantly reduced. This is especially critical in wide area networks. Other active nodes can be used to suppress duplicated votes sent in the upstream direction. Additionally, once a negative vote is received at any active node, children participants can be notified of the abort decision immediately and therefore much earlier than would otherwise be possible. This approach is shown to yield performance improvements over traditional methods, in terms of delay and network message traffic.

关键词： Database systems Computer networks Voting Costs Communication networks Bandwidth Switches Uncertainty Delay effects Wide area networks

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Automatic refinement of distributed systems specifications using program transformations 22

Automatic refinement of distributed systems specifications u...

引用

22nd Annual international Computer Software and Applications conference

作者： de Santana, ACL do Prado, AF de Souza, WL Sant'Anna, M Univ Fed Sao Carlos Dept Computacao BR-04499610 Sao Carlos SP Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)0818685859

Formal specification techniques and automatic refinement tools for distributed systems have become key issues in current computing technology. This paper reports the development of a refinement tool based on the Extended State Transition Language (Estelle). Estelle is a Formal Description Technique (FDT) for distributed systems and communication protocols standardized by ISO. The refinement approach addresses an OO execution metamodel which is instantiated using C++. Program transformations are used as the main enabling technology behind the construction of this tool.

关键词： distributed systems formal description techniques Estelle transformation systems Draco

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Automatic refinement of distributed systems specifications using program transformations

Automatic refinement of distributed systems specifications u...

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proceedings of the 1998 IEEE 22nd Annual international Computer Software & Applications conference

作者： de Santana, Antonio Carlos Lima do Prado, Antonio Francisco de Souza, Wanderley Lopes Sant' Anna, Marcelo Sao Carlos Brazil

关键词： Computer aided software engineering

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M-base: Enduser-initiative application development based on message flow and componentware 22

M-base: Enduser-initiative application development based on ...

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22nd Annual international Computer Software and Applications conference

作者： Chusho, T Matsumoto, M Konishi, Y Meiji Univ Dept Comp Sci Tama Ku Kawasaki Kanagawa 2148571 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)0818685859

Explosive increase in enduser computing on distributed systems requires that endusers develop application software by themselves. One solution is given as a formula of "a domain model equivalent to a computation model" This formula implies that one task in a domain model of cooperative work corresponds to one object in a computation model based on an object-oriented model. Application development environment, M-base(1), supports this formula for cooperative systems such as groupware and workflow systems. At the first stage the system behavior at a macro level is expressed by using a modeling and simulation tool for constructing a message-driven model while focusing on message flow and componentware. At the second stage, a source program in a script language is generated automatically from the message-driven model. Furthermore, if necessary, static structure and detailed specifications of objects are expressed in the script language. Communication among objects is performed by a set of messages instead of a message, for implementation of flexible workflow.

关键词： enduser computing software development environment distributed systems object-orientation domain modeling visual programming componentware

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2nd international Coference on Worldwide computing and Its Applications, WWCA 1998

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2nd international conference on Worldwide computing and Its Applications, WWCA 1998

ISBN: (纸本)3540642161

The proceedings contain 34 papers. The special focus in this conference is on distributed Objects and distributed Componentware. The topics include: WWC and the hyper information age;global high performance research network;java applications and implementations;where computers and networking should go;objectspace voyager - the agent orb for java;worldwide component scripting with the planet mobile object system;scalability in object-oriented distributed systems environment OZ;a language and toolset for causal event modeling of distributed system architectures;an architecture of software commerce broker over the internet;distributed process management system based on object-centered process modeling;systems software for multimedia computing;a system support for adaptive distributed applications;compiler-generated protection domains and a light weight runtime protection technique;complete computing;compact and flexible resolution of CBT multicast key-distribution;integrating resource reservation with rate-based transport protocols in AMInet;experiences with a mobile testbed;design and implementation of mobile IP system with security consideration;a network architecture for continuous mobility;towards internationalized web creation;ISCM, information system conceptual model oriented to security problems and a tool implementing it;design of EDI security MIB based on SNMP protocol;the block-world data model for a collaborative virtual environment;CyPhone - mobile multimodal personal augmented reality;on business intelligence systems;supporting collaboration through teleproximity;a home office system based on a virtual shared room and promotion of an ISO9001-based quality system using the WWW and experience from its application.

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