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A macroscope in the redwoods 05

A macroscope in the redwoods

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3rd acm International conference on embedded networked sensor systems, SenSys 2005

作者： Tolle, Gilman Polastre, Joseph Szewczyk, Robert Culler, David Turner, Neil Tu, Kevin Burgess, Stephen Dawson, Todd Buonadonna, Phil Gay, David Hong, Wei Computer Science Division University of California Berkeley CA 94720 United States Department of Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley CA 94720 United States Intel Research Berkeley Berkeley CA 94704 United States

ISBN: (纸本)159593054X

The wireless sensor network "macroscope" offers the potential to advance science by enabling dense temporal and spatial monitoring of large physical volumes. This paper presents a case study of a wireless sensor network that recorded 44 days in the life of a 70-meter tall redwood tree, at a density of every 5 minutes in time and every 2 meters in space. Each node measured air temperature, relative humidity, and photosynthetically active solar radiation. The network captured a detailed picture of the complex spatial variation and temporal dynamics of the microclimate surrounding a coastal redwood tree. This paper describes the deployed network and then employs a multi-dimensional analysis methodology to reveal trends and gradients in this large and previously-unobtainable dataset. An analysis of system performance data is then performed, suggesting lessons for future deployments. Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.1 [Computer - Communication Networks]: Network Architecture and Design-Wireless communication;C.3 [Special-Purpose and Application-Based systems]: Realtime and embedded systems;J.3 [Life and Medical Sciences]: Biology and genetics General Terms Design, Experimentation, Measurement, Performance. © 2005 acm.

关键词： Wireless sensor networks

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Estimating clock uncertainty for efficient duty-cycling in sensor networks 05

Estimating clock uncertainty for efficient duty-cycling in s...

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3rd acm International conference on embedded networked sensor systems, SenSys 2005

作者： Ganeriwal, Saurabh Ganesan, Deepak Shim, Hohyun Tsiatsis, Vlasios Srivastava, Mani B. University of California Los Angeles Networked and Embedded Systems lab 56-125B EE-IV CA 90095 United States Department of Computer Science University of Massachusetts MA 01003 United States

ISBN: (纸本)159593054X

Radio duty cycling has received significant attention in sensor networking literature, particularly in the form of protocols for medium access control and topology management. While many protocols have claimed to achieve significant duty-cycling benefits in theory and simulation, these benefits have often not translated to practice. The dominant factor that prevents the optimal usage of the radio in real deployment settings is time uncertainty between sensor nodes. This paper proposes an uncertainty-driven approach to duty-cycling where a model of long-term clock drift is used to minimize the duty-cycling overhead. First, we use long-term empirical measurements to evaluate and analyze in-depth the interplay between three key parameters that influence long-term synchronization - synchronization rate, history of past synchronization beacons and the estimation scheme. Second, we use this measurement-based study to design a rate-adaptive, energy-efficient long-term time synchronization algorithm that can adapt to changing clock drift and environmental conditions while achieving application-specific precision with very high probability. Finally, we integrate our uncertainty-driven time synchronization scheme with a MAC layer protocol, BMAC, and empirically demonstrate one to two orders of magnitude reduction in the transmit energy consumption at a node with negligible impact on the packet loss rate. Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.2 [Computer systems Organization]: Computer Communication Networks - Network Protocols. General Terms Algorithms, Experimentation, Performance, Verification. © 2005 acm.

关键词： Synchronization

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TSAR: A two tier sensor storage architecture using interval skip graphs 05

TSAR: A two tier sensor storage architecture using interval ...

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3rd acm International conference on embedded networked sensor systems, SenSys 2005

作者： Desnoyers, Peter Ganesan, Deepak Shenoy, Prashant Department of Computer Science University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 United States

ISBN: (纸本)159593054X

Archival storage of sensor data is necessary for applications that query, mine, and analyze such data for interesting features and trends. We argue that existing storage systems are designed primarily for flat hierarchies of homogeneous sensor nodes and do not fully exploit the multi-tier nature of emerging sensor networks, where an application can comprise tens of tethered proxies, each managing tens to hundreds of untethered sensors. We present TSAR, a fundamentally different storage architecture that envisions separation of data from metadata by employing local archiving at the sensors and distributed indexing at the proxies. At the proxy tier, TSAR employs a novel multi-resolution ordered distributed index structure, the Interval Skip Graph, for efficiently supporting spatio-temporal and value queries. At the sensor tier, TSAR supports energy-aware adaptive summarization that can trade off the cost of transmitting metadata to the proxies against the overhead of false hits resulting from querying a coarse-grain index. We implement TSAR in a two-tier sensor testbed comprising Stargatebased proxies and Mote-based sensors. Our experiments demonstrate the benefits and feasibility of using our energy-efficient storage architecture in multi-tier sensor networks. Categories and Subject Descriptors: C.2.4 [Computer - Communication Networks]: Distributed systems General Terms: Algorithms, performance, experimentation. © 2005 acm.

关键词： Metadata

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Fireflyinspired sensor network synchronicity with realistic radio effects 05

Fireflyinspired sensor network synchronicity with realistic ...

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3rd acm International conference on embedded networked sensor systems, SenSys 2005

作者： Wernerallen, Geoffrey Tewari, Geetika Patel, Ankit Welsh, Matt Nagpal, Radhika Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University United States

ISBN: (纸本)159593054X

Synchronicity is a useful abstraction in many sensor network applications. Communication scheduling, coordinated duty cycling, and time synchronization can make use of a synchronicity primitive that achieves a tight alignment of individual nodes' firing phases. In this paper we present the Reachback Firefly Algorithm (RFA), a decentralized synchronicity algorithm implemented on TinyOS-based motes. Our algorithm is based on a mathematical model that describes how fireflies and neurons spontaneously synchronize. Previous work has assumed idealized nodes and not considered realistic effects of sensor network communication, such as message delays and loss. Our algorithm accounts for these effects by allowing nodes to use delayed information from the past to adjust the future firing phase. We present an evaluation of RFA that proceeds on three fronts. First, we prove the convergence of our algorithm in simple cases and predict the effect of parameter choices. Second, we leverage the TinyOS simulator to investigate the effects of varying parameter choice and network topology. Finally, we present results obtained on an indoor sensor network testbed demonstrating that our algorithm can synchronize sensor network devices to within 100 μsec on a real multi-hop topology with links of varying quality. Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Network Architecture and Design, Distributed systems General Terms Algorithms, Design, Experimentation, Theory. © 2005 acm.

关键词： Network architecture

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Design and deployment of industrial sensor networks: Experiences from a semiconductor plant and the North Sea 05

Design and deployment of industrial sensor networks: Experie...

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3rd acm International conference on embedded networked sensor systems, SenSys 2005

作者： Krishnamurthy, Lakshman Adler, Robert Buonadonna, Phil Chhabra, Jasmeet Flanigan, Mick Kushalnagar, Nandakishore Nachman, Lama Yarvis, Mark Intel Corporation 2200 Mission College Blvd. Santa Clara CA 95052 United States Arched Rock 2168 Shattuck Ave. Berkeley CA 94704 United States

ISBN: (纸本)159593054X

Sensing technology is a cornerstone for many industrial applications. Manufacturing plants and engineering facilities, such as shipboard engine rooms, require sensors to ensure product quality and efficient and safe operation. We focus on one representative application, preventative equipment maintenance, in which vibration signatures are gathered to predict equipment failure. Based on application requirements and site surveys, we develop a general architecture for this class of industrial applications. This architecture meets the application's data fidelity needs through careful state preservation and over-sampling. We describe the impact of implementing the architecture on two sensing platforms with differing processor and communication capabilities. We present a systematic performance comparison between these platforms in the context of the application. We also describe our experience and lessons learned in two settings: in a semiconductor fabrication plant and onboard an oil tanker in the North Sea. Finally, we establish design guidelines for an ideal platform and architecture for industrial applications. This paper includes several unique contributions: A study of the impact of platform on architecture, a comparison of two deployments in the same application class, and a demonstration of application return on investment. Categories and Subject Descriptors C.3 [Special-Purpose and Application-Based systems]: realtime and embedded systems, microprocessor/microcomputer applications, signal processing systems. General Terms Performance, Design, Economics, Experimentation. © 2005 acm.

关键词： sensor networks

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A unifying link abstraction for wireless sensor networks 05

A unifying link abstraction for wireless sensor networks

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3rd acm International conference on embedded networked sensor systems, SenSys 2005

作者： Polastre, Joseph Hui, Jonathan Levis, Philip Zhao, Jerry Culler, David Shenker, Scott Stoica, Ion Computer Science Department University of California Berkeley CA 94720 United States International Computer Science Institute 1947 Center Street. Suite 600 Berkeley CA 94704 United States

ISBN: (纸本)159593054X

Recent technological advances and the continuing quest for greater efficiency have led to an explosion of link and network protocols for wireless sensor networks. These protocols embody very different assumptions about network stack composition and, as such, have limited interoperability. It has been suggested [3] that, in principle, wireless sensor networks would benefit from a unifying abstraction (or "narrow waist" in architectural terms), and that this abstraction should be closer to the link level than the network level. This paper takes that vague principle and turns it into practice, by proposing a specific unifying sensornet protocol (SP) that provides shared neighbor management and a message pool. The two goals of a unifying abstraction are generality and efficiency: it should be capable of running over a broad range of link-layer technologies and supporting a wide variety of network protocols, and doing so should not lead to a significant loss of efficiency. To investigate the extent to which SP meets these goals, we implemented SP (in TinyOS) on top of two very different radio technologies: B-MAC on mica2 and IEEE 802.15.4 on Telos. We also built a variety of network protocols on SP, including examples of collection routing [53], dissemination [26], and aggregation [33]. Measurements show that these protocols do not sacrifice performance through the use of our SP abstraction. Categories and Subject Descriptors: C.2.2 [Computer-Communication Networks] Network Protocols, D.4.7 [Operating systems]: Organization and Design General Terms: Design, Experimentation, Standardization. © 2005 acm.

关键词： Wireless sensor networks

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Lightweight detection and classification for wireless sensor networks in realistic environments 05

Lightweight detection and classification for wireless sensor...

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3rd acm International conference on embedded networked sensor systems, SenSys 2005

作者： Gu, Lin Jia, Dong Vicaire, Pascal Yan, Ting Luo, Liqian Tirumala, Ajay Cao, Qing He, Tian Stankovic, John A. Abdelzaher, Tarek Krogh, Bruce H. Department of Computer Science University of Virginia United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Carnegie Mellon University United States Department of Computer Science University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign United States

ISBN: (纸本)159593054X

A wide variety of sensors have been incorporated into a spectrum of wireless sensor network (WSN) platforms, providing flexible sensing capability over a large number of low-power and inexpensive nodes. Traditional signal processing algorithms, however, often prove too complex for energy-and-cost-effective WSN nodes. This study explores how to design efficient sensing and classification algorithms that achieve reliable sensing performance on energy-andcost- effective hardware without special powerful nodes in a continuously changing physical environment. We present the detection and classification system in a cutting-edge surveillance sensor network, which classifies vehicles, persons, and persons carrying ferrous objects, and tracks these targets with a maximum error in velocity of 15%. Considering the demanding requirements and strict resource constraints, we design a hierarchical classification architecture that naturally distributes sensing and computation tasks at different levels of the system. Such a distribution allows multiple sensors to collaborate on a sensor node, and the detection and classification results to be continuously refined at different levels of the WSN. This design enables reliable detection and classification without involving high-complexity computation, reduces network traffic, and emphasizes resilience and adaptation to the realistic environment. We evaluate the system with performance data collected from outdoor experiments and field assessments. Based on the experience acquired and lessons learned when developing this system, we abstract common issues and introduce several guidelines which can direct future development of detection and classification solutions based on WSNs. Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.1 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Network Architecture and Design;C.3 [Computer System Organization]: Special Purpose And Application-Based systems-Real-Time and embedded systems;C.4 [Performance of systems]: Design Studies

关键词： Cost effectiveness

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Packet combining in sensor networks 05

Packet combining in sensor networks

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3rd acm International conference on embedded networked sensor systems, SenSys 2005

作者： Dubois-Ferrière, Henri Estrin, Deborah Vetterli, Martin School of Computer and Communication Sciences EPFL Lausanne Switzerland Department of Computer Science UCLA Los Angeles CA 90095 United States

ISBN: (纸本)159593054X

This paper presents the Simple Packet Combining (SPaC) error-correction scheme for wireless sensor networks. Nodes buffer corrupt packets, and when two or more corrupt versions of a packet have been received, a packet combining procedure attempts to recover the original packet from the corrupt copies. Packet combining exploits the broadcast medium and spatial diversity of a multi-hop wireless network by using packets overheard at any node, in addition to the next-hop destination of the packet itself. Unlike pointto- point forward error correction (FEC), packet combining therefore helps multi-node interactions such as multi-hop routing or broadcasting as well as to hop-by-hop communication. Also, SPaC does not transmit redundant overhead on good links and does not require costly probes to estimate channel conditions. We have implemented SPaC as a link-layer extension on sensor nodes;it is transparent to upper layer protocols and has low memory and CPU footprints. We evaluate performance through a combination of analysis, trace-driven simulation, indoor and outdoor testbed micro-benchmarks, and deployment on a live network. The results show significant performance gains, even when accounting for the energy cost of CPU processing. We also present detailed bit-level link measurements and the design and evaluation of a new preamble detection scheme motivated by these measurements. Categories and Subject Descriptors: C.2.1 [Computer- Communications Networks]: Wireless Communication General Terms: Measurement, Performance, Design, Experimentation, Algorithms. © 2005 acm.

关键词： Network coding

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Intelligent light control using sensor networks 05

Intelligent light control using sensor networks

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3rd acm International conference on embedded networked sensor systems, SenSys 2005

作者： Singhvi, Vipul Krause, Andreas Guestrin, Carlos Garrett, James H. Scott Matthews, H. Civil Engineering Dept. Carnegie Mellon University United States Computer Science Dept. Carnegie Mellon University United States Center for Automated Learning and Discovery Carnegie Mellon University United States

ISBN: (纸本)159593054X

Increasing user comfort and reducing operation costs have always been two primary objectives of building operations and control strategies. Current building control strategies are unable to incorporate occupant level comfort and meet the operation goals simultaneously. In this paper, we present a novel utility-based building control strategy that optimizes the tradeoff between meeting user comfort and reduction in operation cost by reducing energy usage. We present an implementation of the proposed approach as an intelligent lighting control strategy that significantly reduces energy cost. Our approach is based on a principled, decision theoretic formulation of the control task. We demonstrate the use of mobile wireless sensor networks to optimize the tradeoff between fulfilling different occupants' light preferences and minimizing energy consumption. We further extend our approach to optimally exploit external light sources for additional energy savings, a process called daylight harvesting. Also we demonstrate that an active sensing approach can maximize the mobile sensor network's lifetime by sensing only during most informative situations. We provide efficient algorithms for solving the underlying complex optimization problems, and extensively evaluate our proposed approach in a proof-of-concept testbed using MICA2 motes and dimmable lamps. Our results indicate a significant improvement in user utility and reduced energy expenditure. Categories and Subject Descriptors: C.3 [Specialpurpose and application-based systems]: Real-time and embedded systems;G.3 [Probability and Statistics]: Experimental design, Markov processes;I.2.11 [Artificial Intelligence]: Distributed Artificial Intelligence - Intelligent Agents;J.2 [Physical Science and Engineering] : Engineering;J.5 [Arts and Humanities] : Architecture General Terms: Algorithms, Management, Measurement, Performance, Design, Experimentation, Verification. © 2005 acm.

关键词： Energy utilization

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Siphon: Overload traffic management using multiradio virtual sinks in sensor networks 05

Siphon: Overload traffic management using multiradio virtual...

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3rd acm International conference on embedded networked sensor systems, SenSys 2005

作者： Wan, Chieh-Yih Campbell, Andrew T. Eisenman, Shane B. Crowcroft, Jon Intel Research Intel Corporatio Hillsboro OR United States Dept. of Computer Science Dartmouth College Hanover NH United States Dept. of Electrical Engineering Columbia University New York NY United States Computer Lab Cambridge University Cambridge CB3 OFD United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)159593054X

There is a critical need for new thinking regarding over- load traffic management in sensor networks. It has now become clear that experimental sensor networks (e.g., mote networks) and their applications commonly experience periods of persistent congestion and high packet loss, and in some cases even congestion collapse. This significantly impacts application fidelity measured at the physical sinks, even under light to moderate traffic loads, and is a direct product of the funneling effect;that is, the many-to-one multi-hop traffic pattern that characterizes sensor network communications. Existing congestion control schemes are effective at mitigating congestion through rate control and packet drop mechanisms, but do so at the cost of significantly reducing application fidelity measured at the sinks. To address this problem we propose to exploit the avail- Ability of a small number of all wireless, multi-radio virtual sinks that can be randomly distributed or selectively placed across the sensor field. Virtual sinks are capable of siphoning off data events from regions of the sensor field that are beginning to show signs of high traffic load. In this paper, we present the design, implementation, and evaluation of Siphon, a set of fully distributed algorithms that support virtual sink discovery and selection, congestion detection, and traffic redirection in sensor networks. Siphon is based on a Stargate implementation of virtual sinks that uses a separate longer-range radio network (based on IEEE 802.11) to siphon events to one or more physical sinks, and a short- range mote radio to interact with the sensor field at siphon points. Results from analysis, simulation and an experimental 48 Mica2 mote testbed show that virtual sinks can scale mote networks by effectively managing growing traffic de- mands while minimizing the impact on application fidelity. Categories and Subject Descriptors: C.2.1 [Computer- Communications Networks]: Network Protocols, Wireless Commun

关键词： IEEE Standards

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