Over the last decade, interest in parallel programming has grown tremendously. Hardware systems that contain many different levels of parallelism have become mainstream. At one end of the spectrum, computer system tha...
Over the last decade, interest in parallel programming has grown tremendously. Hardware systems that contain many different levels of parallelism have become mainstream. At one end of the spectrum, computer system that contain many processing cores, each capable of running multiple hardware threads, are becoming commonplace. It is common to find laptop and desktop systems that contain a small number of these Shared-Memory Processor (SMP) chips. Furthermore, high-end computing systems can now contain hundreds of these SMP chips, resulting in machines capable of running an incredibly large number of hardware threads simultaneously. As processor speeds begin to stagnate, software developers are being forced to exploit the parallelism that is available in these systems in order to improve the performance of their *** the other end of the spectrum, as commodity hardware prices fall it is becoming increasingly affordable to build large-scale multi-node distributed machines. A survey of the top 10 supercomputers in the world (***) shows that the systems contain an average of about 400,000 cores running at an average frequency of 2.5GHz. Since the average clock frequency of these machines is fairly low, the full potential of these systems must be exploited through efficient use of the parallelism provided by the thousands of processors they *** types of heterogeneous parallel computing system have begun to emerge. these systems contain multiple types of processors - typically a powerful CPU core and some type of Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) or hardware accelerator unit. this type of heterogeneous system provides a new set of challenges for software developers in terms of how to distribute work among the different units to maximize their utilization, based on their capabilities. Many advances in heterogeneous system design are still being realized as people continue to explore how to combine existing hardware in new and novel ways. Others sti
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