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Neural Modeling of Flow Rendering Effectiveness 08

Neural Modeling of Flow Rendering Effectiveness

引用

symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization

作者： Pineo, Daniel Wares, Colin Univ New Hampshire Durham NH 03824 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939814

It has been previously proposed that understanding the mechanisms of contour perception can provide a theory for why some flow rendering methods allow for better judgments of advection pathways than others. In the present paper we develop this theory through a numerical model of the primary visual cortex of the brain (Visual Area 1) where contour enhancement is understood to occur according to most neurological theories. We apply a two-stage model of contour perception to various visual representations of flow fields evaluated by Laidlaw et al [2001]. In the first stage, contour enhancement is modeled based on Li's [1998] cortical model. In the second stage, a model of contour integration is proposed designed to support the task of advection path tracing. The model yields insights into the relative strengths of different flow visualization methods for the task of visualizing advection pathways.

关键词： Flow visualization contour perception visual cortex visualization perceptual theory

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Using Mental Rotation as a Methodology to Evaluate Shape perception in Computer graphics 08

Using Mental Rotation as a Methodology to Evaluate Shape Per...

引用

symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization

作者： Ziemek, Tina R. Creem-Regehr, Sarah H. Thompson, William B. Univ Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939814

Understanding the shape of 3D objects is particularly significant in scientific visualization and CAD/CAM applications, however objective measurements of how various rendering techniques affect object perception has not received enough attention. We propose a methodology which uses the Vandenberg and Kuse [1978] mental rotation paradigm as a mechanism for evaluating how well viewers are able to encode and match novel shapes presented in a computer graphics display. The established methodology and body of research on mental rotation provides a basis for its use to probe the influence of rendering on 3D shape perception. Our approach is complementary to techniques that evaluate perception of local shape properties and the adjustment of gauge figures to match local surface orientation [Koenderink et al. 1992]. We demonstrate the methodology with an experiment showing that at least in some circumstances, subjects are more accurate at shape perception with Blinn-style rendering than with Lambertian-style rendering.

关键词： Computer aided design

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perception-motivated Interpolation of Image Sequences 08

Perception-motivated Interpolation of Image Sequences

引用

symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization

作者： Stich, Timo Linz, Christian Wallraven, Christian Cunningham, Douglas Magnor, Marcus TU Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939814

We present a method for image interpolation which is able to create high-quality, perceptually convincing transitions between recorded images. By implementing concepts derived from human vision, the problem of a physically correct image interpolation is relaxed to an image interpolation that is perceived as physically correct by human observers. We find that it suffices to focus on exact edge correspondences, homogeneous regions and coherent motion to compute such solutions. In our user study we confirm the visual quality of the proposed image interpolation approach. We show how each aspect of our approach increases the perceived quality of the interpolation results, compare the results obtained by other methods and investigate the achieved quality for different types of scenes.

关键词： perception morphing image interpolation

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Comprehending Boolean Queries 08

Comprehending Boolean Queries

引用

symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization

作者： Huo, Jiwen Cowan, Win Univ Waterloo David R Cheriton Sch Comp Sci Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939814

Data selection is an integral part of information visualization. It almost universally incorporates Boolean logic in some way, despite the known difficulties of Boolean concepts for users. As a result many different visual interfaces have been proposed for specifying or displaying Boolean queries. In general they are tested experimentally, and though the results are usually promising, they normally show only that one interface is better or worse than another, but not why this is so. This paper describes a new experimental methodology for evaluating query interfaces, which uses stimulus onset asynchrony to separate different aspects of query comprehension. We used it to evaluate a new visual query interface based on Karnaugh maps and discovered that there are two qualitatively different approaches to comprehension, deductive and inductive. The Karnaugh map representation scales extremely well with query complexity, and the experiments show that its good scaling properties occur because it strongly facilitates inductive comprehension.

关键词： visualization stimulus onset asynchrony Boolean query evaluation visual query

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Quantifying Usability in Secure graphics: Assessing the User Costs of Protecting 3D Content 08

Quantifying Usability in Secure Graphics: Assessing the User...

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symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization

作者： Zhu, Jiajun Bakdash, Jonathan Z. Koller, David Banton, Thomas Proffitt, Dennis R. Humphreys, Greg Univ Virginia Dept Comp Sci Charlottesville VA 22903 USA Univ Virginia Dept Psychol Charlottesville VA 22903 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939814

There is an increasing need for methods for secure dissemination of interactive 3D graphics content, providing protection for valuable 3D models while still allowing them to be widely shared. Existing systems for protected sharing of 3D models may introduce perturbations into the rendered images of the content, in order to defend against potential malicious reconstruction attacks that could otherwise recover the 3D model shape. However, the particular nature and magnitude of these perturbation defenses has not been based upon any rigorous analysis or measurement of their perceptual effect on non-malicious users of the protected graphics system. In this paper, we take the first steps toward such an analysis, conducting a series of user studies that evaluate the impact (as measured by user reaction time) of varying amounts of noise applied to user interactions in a real-time 3D rendering system. We are thus able to experimentally determine the most appropriate tradeoffs between noise perturbation defenses and the security of the 3D content against typical reconstruction attacks.

关键词： secure graphics perception usability 3D reconstruction

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HMD calibration and its effects on distance judgments 08

HMD calibration and its effects on distance judgments

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symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization

作者： Kuhl, Scott A. Thompson, William B. Creem-Regehr, Sarah H. Univ Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939814

Most head-mounted displays (HMDs) suffer from substantial optical distortion, and vendor-supplied specifications for field-of-view often are at variance with reality. Such displays do not present perspective-related visual cues in a geometrically correct manner, which has the potential to affect applications of HMDs which depend on precise spatial perception. This paper provides empirical evidence for the degree to which these resulting distortions affect one type of spatial judgment in virtual environments. We show that minification in the HMD that would occur from an overstated HMD field of view results in a significant change in distance judgments. Incorrectly calibrated pitch and pincushion distortion, however, did not cause statistically significant changes in distance judgments for the degree of distortions examined. While the means for determining the optical distortion of display systems are well known, they are often not used in non-see-through HMDs due to problems in measuring and correcting for distortion. As a result, we also provide practical guidelines for creating geometrically calibrated systems.

关键词： immersive virtual environment perception minification field of view pincushion distortion pitch

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Effect of Scenario on Perceptual Sensitivity to Errors in Animation 08

Effect of Scenario on Perceptual Sensitivity to Errors in An...

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symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization

作者： Reitsma, Paul S. A. O'Sullivan, Carol Trinity Coll Dublin Dublin Ireland

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939814

A deeper understanding of what makes animation perceptually plausible would benefit a number of applications, such as approximate collision detection and goal-directed animation. In a series of psychophysical experiments, we examine how measurements of perceptual sensitivity in realistic physical simulations compare to similar measurements done in more abstract settings. We find that participant tolerance for certain types of errors is significantly higher in a realistic snooker scenario than in the abstract test settings previously used to examine those errors. By contrast, we find there is no difference in tolerance vs. the abstract setting when those errors are displayed in a realistic but more neutral environment. Additionally, we examine the interaction of auditory and visual cues in determining participant sensitivity to spatiotemporal errors in rigid body collisions. We find that participants are predominantly affected by visual cues. Finally, we find that tolerance for spatial gaps during collision events is constant for a wide range of viewing angles if the effect of foreshortening and occlusion caused by the viewing angle is taken into account.

关键词： psychophysics animation perception

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A full-body avatar improves egocentric distance judgments in an immersive virtual environment 08

A full-body avatar improves egocentric distance judgments in...

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symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization

作者： Mohler, Betty J. Buelthoff, Heinrich H. Thompson, William B. Creem-Regehr, Sarah H. Max Planck Inst Biol Cybernet D-72076 Tubingen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939814

A number of investigators have reported that distance judgments in virtual environments (VEs) are systematically smaller than distance judgments made in comparably-sized real environments. Many variables that may contribute to this difference have been investigated but none of them fully explain the distance compression. In this paper we asked whether seeing a fully-articulated visual representation of oneself (avatar) within a virtual environment would lead to more accurate estimations of distance. We found that participants who explored near space without the visual avatar underestimated egocentric distance judgments compared to those who similarly explored near space while viewing a fully-articulated avatar. These results are discussed with respect to the perceptual and cognitive mechanisms that may be involved in the observed effects as well as the benefits of visual feedback in the form of an avatar for VE applications.

关键词： virtual environments spatial perception avatars

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The perceptual influences on gait transition of step parameters and optic flow in virtual environment locomotion simulators 08

The perceptual influences on gait transition of step paramet...

引用

symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization

作者： Dong, Huan Pelah, Adar Cameron, Jonathan Lasenby, Joan Univ Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1TN England

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939814

Simulation of natural locomotion in virtual environments requires an understanding of self-motion perception derived from both gait and sensory parameters. The walk-run transition (WRT) is a clearly-defined physical gait descriptor that emerges largely from a user's assessment of their own speed. The WRT depends not only on the biomechanics, kinetics and energetics of gait, but also on perceptual and cognitive factors, such as optic flow [Mohler et al. 2004;2007], attention [Pelah et al 2006] and step frequency [Durgin et al 2007]. To further investigate gait transitions and the mechanisms for perception of self motion speed, 15 subjects were required to advance at prescribed step frequencies with increasing speeds on a treadmill, with or without optic flow, in a large-screen virtual environment. WRT speed reached its highest value at approximately 145 steps/min (0.61 Fr) for all conditions, decreasing at higher step frequencies. Above this frequency, optic flow reduced WRT speeds as step frequency increased, suggesting an enhancement of visuomotor interactions in locomotion simulators due to step frequency being forced beyond the natural step frequency range.

关键词： Locomotion gait step frequency perception optic flow walk-run transition virtual environments

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The Assumed Light Direction for Perceiving Shape from Shading 08

The Assumed Light Direction for Perceiving Shape from Shadin...

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symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization

作者： O'Shea, James P. Banks, Martin S. Agrawala, Maneesh Univ Calif Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595939814

Recovering 3D shape from shading is an ill-posed problem that the visual system can solve only by making use of additional information such as the position of the light source. Previous research has shown that people tend to assume light is above and slightly to the left of the object [Sun and Perona 1998]. We present a study to investigate whether the visual system also assumes the angle between the light direction and the viewing direction. We conducted a shape perception experiment in which subjects estimated surface orientation on smooth, virtual 3D shapes displayed monocularly using local Lambertian shading without cast shadows. We varied the angle between the viewing direction and the light direction within a range +/- 66 deg (above/below), and subjects indicated local surface orientation by rotating a gauge figure to appear normal to the surface [Koenderink et al. 1992]. Observer settings were more accurate and precise when the light was positioned above rather than below the viewpoint. Additionally, errors were minimized when the angle between the light direction and the viewing direction was 20-30 deg. Measurements of surface slant and tilt error support this result. These findings confirm the light-from-above prior and provide evidence that the angle between the viewing direction and the light direction is assumed to be 20-30 deg above the viewpoint.

关键词： Shape-from-shading light-from-above shape perception Lambertian shading

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