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proceedings of the Nineteenth Hawaii International conference on System Sciences 1986. Volume 3: Healthcare Management Systems, Medical Information Processing.

作者： Jonsson, Arne Patel, Mikael Linkoping Univ Linkoping Swed Linkoping Univ Linkoping Swed

This paper describes the design, specification, implementation of and experiences from an interactive flowcharting technique for communicating and realizing algorithms. Educating the expert to know how to use the computer system is important, since then he/she can easily express his/her ideas in the same 'language' as the other persons in the software development group. Our goals are: to help novices to understand computers, by giving them a framework for organizing algorithms, and to support development of software produced by groups of people over an extended period of time. Based on the notions of dimensional flowcharts a system called the DIMsystem has been developed for handling structured flowcharts.

关键词： COMPUTER programming

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MapCG: Writing Parallel Program Portable between CPU and GPU 10

MapCG: Writing Parallel Program Portable between CPU and GPU

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19th International conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques

作者： Hong, Chuntao Chen, Dehao Chen, Wenguang Zheng, Weimin Lin, Haibo Tsinghua Univ Tsinghua Natl Lab Informat Sci & Technol Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781450301787

Graphics Processing Units (GPU) have been playing an important role in the general purpose computing market recently. The common approach to program GPU today is to write GPU specific code with low level GPU APIs such as CUDA. Although this approach can achieve very good performance, it raises serious portability issues: programmers are required to write a specific version of code for each potential target architecture. It results in high development and maintenance cost. We believe it is desired to have a programming model which provides source code portability between CPUs and CPUs, and different GPUs: Programmers only need to write one version of code and can be compiled and executed on either CPUs or CPUs efficiently without modification. In this paper, we propose MapCG, a Map Reduce framework to provide source code level portability between CPU and GPU. Different from OpenCL, our framework is based on Map Reduce, which provides a high level programming model, making programming much easier. We describe the design of the Map Reduce-based high-level programming language and the underlying runtime system to enable portability between CPU and CPU. A prototype of MapCG runtime was implemented, supporting multi-core CPU and NVIDIA GPUs. Experiments show that our implementation can execute the same source code efficiently on multi-core CPU platforms and CPUs, achieving an average of 1.6-2.5x speedup over previous implementations of Map Reduce on eight commonly used applications.

关键词： portability parallel GPU programming

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design considerations for microprogramming languages 74

Design considerations for microprogramming languages

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1974 National Computer conference, AFIPS 1974

作者： Lloyd, Gregory R. Van Dam, Andries Brown University ProvidenceRI United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450379205

Historically, microprograms have been developed using tools which are appropriate to logic designers (block diagrams, register transfer languages), or systems programmers (microcode assemblers). With the growth of user microprogramming, and the increased demands placed upon computer manufacturers for firmware support, improved tools and techniques have been suggested. In particular, microprogram compilers, i.e., compilers which translate high level source statements into sequences of microprogram control words, have been proposed and implemented. The larger issue to be faced is the nebulous task of supporting the needs of a community which includes: Manufacturers developing one particular computer (target machine) using microprogramming as a design and implementation technique. Manufacturers developing a computersystem, integrating hardware, operating systems, and programming language support, utilizing microprogramming to tie system functions together. Users developing their own target machines tailored to applications such as computer graphics, signal processing, or interpretation of higher level languages. Users or manufacturers who utilize hardware which is microprogrammable to directly solve one or more specific problems, without formally defining a target machine (i.e., simply programming the hardware, or host machine). © acm-conference. All rights reserved.

关键词： Microprogramming

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Piranha: Reducing Feature Flag Debt at Uber 42

Piranha: Reducing Feature Flag Debt at Uber

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42nd acm/IEEE International conference on Software Engineering - Companion proceedings (ICSE-Companion) / 42nd acm/IEEE International conference on Software Engineering - Software Engineering in Practice (ICSE-SEIP)

作者： Ramanathan, Murali Krishna Clapp, Lazaro Barik, Rajkishore Sridharan, Manu Uber Technol Inc New York NY 10001 USA Univ Calif Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450371230

Feature flags are commonly used in mobile app development and can introduce technical debt related to deleting their usage from the codebase. This can adversely affect the overall reliability of the apps and increase their maintenance complexity. Reducing this debt without imposing additional overheads on the developers necessitates the design of novel tools and automated workflows. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of PIRANHA, an automated code refactoring tool which is used to automatically generate differential revisions (a.k.a diffs) to delete code corresponding to stale feature flags. PIRANHA takes as input the name of the flag, expected treatment behavior, and the name of the flag's author. It analyzes the ASTs of the program to generate appropriate refactorings which are packaged into a diff. The diff is assigned to the author of the flag for further processing, who can land it after performing any additional refactorings. We have implemented PIRANHA to delete code in Objective-C, Java, and Swift programs, and deployed it to handle stale flags in multiple Uber apps. We present our experiences with the deployment of PIRANHA from Dec 2017 to May 2019, including the following highlights: (a) generated code cleanup diffs for 1381 flags (17% of total flags), (b) 65% of the diffs landed without any changes, (c) over 85% of the generated diffs compile and pass tests successfully, (d) around 80% of the diffs affect more than one file, (e) developers process more than 88% of the generated diffs, (f) 75% of the generated diffs are processed within a week, and (g) PIRANHA diffs have been interacted with by similar to 200 developers across Uber. Piranha is available as open source at https://***/uber/piranha.

关键词： C (programming language)

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A user-oriented computer graphics system 76

A user-oriented computer graphics system

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3rd Annual conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, SIGGRAPH 1976

作者： Pooch, Udo W. Computing Science Division Texas A and M University College StationTX77843 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450373531

A user-oriented Computer Graphics System (CGS) is described, which primarily has been designed to aid the application programmer, and not just the sophisticated computer graphics user. The system has been designed to provide a very simple interaction capability, where the interaction is based on a variety of input devices and a simple input/output graphics command language. The result of this system has been an increase in programming efficiency, reduction in span time from creations of design to actual implementation. Typical application developments have included such system as flowcharting systems, Computer Aided Architectural Space Planning, Animation, Vehicle-Pedestrian Interactions, Computer-aided designs, and the simulation of the NASA Space Shuttle.

关键词： Computer aided design

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Static Analysis for Probabilistic Programs: Inferring Whole Program Properties from Finitely Many Paths 13

Static Analysis for Probabilistic Programs: Inferring Whole ...

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acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Sriram Sankaranarayanan Aleksandar Chakarov Sumit Gulwani University of Colorado Microsoft Research

ISBN: (纸本)9781450320146

We propose an approach for the static analysis of probabilistic programs that sense, manipulate, and control based on uncertain data. Examples include programs used in risk analysis, medical decision making and cyber-physical systems. Correctness properties of such programs take the form of queries that seek the probabilities of assertions over program variables. We present a static analysis approach that provides guaranteed interval bounds on the values (assertion probabilities) of such queries. First, we observe that for probabilistic programs, it is possible to conclude facts about the behavior of the entire program by choosing a finite, adequate set of its paths. We provide strategies for choosing such a set of paths and verifying its adequacy. The queries are evaluated over each path by a combination of symbolic execution and probabilistic volume-bound computations. Each path yields interval bounds that can be summed up with a "coverage" bound to yield an interval that encloses the probability of assertion for the program as a whole. We demonstrate promising results on a suite of benchmarks from many different sources including robotic manipulators and medical decision making programs.

关键词： Probabilistic programming Program Verification Volume Bounding Symbolic Execution Monte-Carlo Sampling

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Use of C/C++ models for architecture exploration and verification of DSPs

Use of C/C++ models for architecture exploration and verific...

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43rd Annual design Automation conference, DAC 2006

作者： Brier, David Mitra, Raj S. Texas Instruments Inc. Dallas TX United States Texas Instruments Inc. Bangalore India

ISBN: (纸本)1595933816

Architectural decisions for DSP modules are often analyzed using high level C models. Such high-level explorations allow early examination of the algorithms and the architectural trade-offs that must be made for a practical implementation. The same models can be reused during the verification of the RTL subsequently developed, provided that various "hooks" which are desirable during the verification process are considered while creating these high level models. In addition, consideration must be given to the qualitative content of these high level models to permit an optimal verification flow allowing for compromise between features of the model and the completeness of the verification. Thus, high quality design and verification are achieved by the use of valid models and the valid use of models. In this paper, we describe our approach and show examples from a typical image processing application. Copyright 2006 acm.

关键词： C (programming language)

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Automatic inversion generates divide-and-conquer parallel programs

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2007年第6期42卷 146-155页

作者： Morita, Kazutaka Morihata, Akimasa Matsuzaki, Kiminori Hu, Zhenjiang Takeichi, Masato Univ Tokyo Grad Sch Informat Sci & Technol Tokyo Japan

Divide-and-conquer algorithms are suitable for modern parallel machines, tending to have large amounts of inherent parallelism and working well with caches and deep memory hierarchies. Among others, list homomorphisms are a class of recursive functions on lists, which match very well with the divide-and-conquer paradigm. However, direct programming with list homomorphisms is a challenge for many programmers. In this paper, we propose and implement a novel system that can automatically derive cost-optimal list homomorphisms from a pair of sequential programs, based on the third homomorphism theorem. Our idea is to reduce extraction of list homomorphisms to derivation of weak right inverses. We show that a weak right inverse always exists and can be automatically generated from a wide class of sequential programs. We demonstrate our system with several nontrivial examples, including the maximum prefix sum problem, the prefix sum computation, the maximum segment sum problem, and the line-of-sight problem. The experimental results show practical efficiency of our automatic parallelization algorithm and good speedups of the generated parallel programs.

关键词： algorithms design languages divide-and-conquer parallelism inversion program transformation third homomorphism theorem

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Valgrind: A framework for heavyweight dynamic binary instrumentation

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2007年第6期42卷 89-100页

作者： Nethercote, Nicholas Seward, Julian Natl ICT Australia Melbourne Vic Australia OpenWorks LLP Cambridge England

Dynamic binary instrumentation (DBI) frameworks make it easy to build dynamic binary analysis (DBA) tools such as checkers and profilers. Much of the focus on DBI frameworks has been on performance;little attention has been paid to their capabilities. As a result, we believe the potential of DBI has not been fully exploited. In this paper we describe Valgrind, a DBI framework designed for building heavyweight DBA tools. We focus on its unique support for shadow values - a powerful but previously little-studied and difficult-to-implement DBA technique, which requires a tool to shadow every register and memory value with another value that describes it. This support accounts for several crucial design features that distinguish Valgrind from other DBI frameworks. Because of these features, lightweight tools built with Valgrind run comparatively slowly, but Valgrind can be used to build more interesting, heavyweight tools that are difficult or impossible to build with other DBI frameworks such as Pin and DynamoRIO.

关键词： design performance experimentation Valgrind Memcheck dynamic binary instrumentation dynamic binary analysis shadow values

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P: Safe Asynchronous Event-Driven programming 13

P: Safe Asynchronous Event-Driven Programming

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acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Ankush Desai Vivek Gupta Ethan Jackson Shaz Qadeer Sriram Rajamani Damien Zufferey Microsoft IST Austria

ISBN: (纸本)9781450320146

We describe the design and implementation of P, a domain-specific language to write asynchronous event driven code. P allows the programmer to specify the system as a collection of interacting state machines, which communicate with each other using events. P unifies modeling and programming into one activity for the programmer. Not only can a P program be compiled into executable code, but it can also be tested using model checking techniques. P allows the programmer to specify the environment, used to "close" the system during testing, as nondeterministic ghost machines. Ghost machines are erased during compilation to executable code; a type system ensures that the erasure is semantics preserving. The P language is designed so that a P program can be checked for responsiveness-the ability to handle every event in a timely manner. By default, a machine needs to handle every event that arrives in every state. But handling every event in every state is impractical. The language provides a notion of deferred events where the programmer can annotate when she wants to delay processing an event. The default safety checker looks for presence of unhandled events. The language also provides default liveness checks that an event cannot be potentially deferred forever. P was used to implement and verify the core of the USB device driver stack that ships with Microsoft Windows 8. The resulting driver is more reliable and performs better than its prior incarnation (which did not use P); we have more confidence in the robustness of its design due to the language abstractions and verification provided by P.

关键词： Domain-specific language Device driver Event-driven programming State machine Verification Systematic testing state machines Computer personnel event-driven programming Verification device drivers Phosphorus Executable code Device Programmer Component application-specific language language Microsoft Windows(software)

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