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Structured programming: From theory to practice 76

Structured Programming: From theory to practice

引用

proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Software engineering

作者： John C. Carrow

One of the more controversial topics to appear within the field of Computer Science has been the theory of Structured programming and the specific tools and techniques associated with this generic title. With respect to this topic, it is the intent of this paper to provide a documented history of the research, prototyping and deliberate implementation of the Structured programming Technology within the United States Army Computer Systems Command. Structured programming as used within the context of this paper involves the concepts of structured code, top down development, walkthrus, program design language, design and documentation tools, program support library and a programming team. The USACSC experience is viewed as not just another case study but rather an organizational change impacting a large number (500 COBOL programmers) of personnel, standards, and normal operating *** of the more intriguing topics to appear within the field of Computer Science has been the theory of Structured programming and the specific tools and techniques associated with this generic title. After several years of discussion, pilot projects, technical articles and more discussions, the basic questions remain: What does the technology buy you? What does it cost you? How does one implement the technology on a large scale in a software production shop?With respect to these questions, and many others that the Software community shares regarding Structured programming, it is the intent of this paper to provide a documented history of the research, prototyping and deliberate implementation of the Structured programming Technology within the United States Army Computer Systems Command (USACSC).

关键词： Functional decomposition

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Automatic data base schema design and optimization 1

Automatic data base schema design and optimization

引用

1st International conference on Very Large Data Bases, VLDB 1975

作者： Mitoma, Michael F. Irani, Keki B. University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48104 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450339209

The production of an appropriate COBASYL Data Base Task Group (DBTG) Data Description language (DDL) schema for a given data management application is a significant design problem. This research is devoted to the development of a methodology to automate and optimize the design of DBTG schema structures, using analytic modelling and optimization techniques. Given an implementation independent description of the data management requirements, it is possible to produce a schema configuration which is optimized with respect to logical record access rate, subject to storage and feasibility constraints, within a selected class of schemas. The storage/access rate trade off is expressable as an integer program, which can be mapped into a network traversal problem with a known dynamic programming solution.

关键词： Integer programming

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IMAGE a language for the interactive manipulation of a graphics environment

IMAGE a language for the interactive manipulation of a graph...

引用

2nd International conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, SIGGRAPH 1975

作者： O'Brien, C.D. Bown, H.G. Communications Research Centre Department of Communications Government of Canada Canada

This paper addresses itself to the problems involved in programming an interactive computer graphics display. A list of graphical programming facilities considered necessary for an interactive graphic programming language is presented. An examination of several application programs, written in a variety of existing languages, revealed that many of these facilities are usually lacking. This paper presents the design of a new interactive graphics language 'IMAGE', developed specifically to satisfy the above criteria. The language places particular emphasis on providing a graphics application programmer the ability to program graphical interaction. The 'IMAGE' language utilizes the better features of several current graphic languages and combines these features with a unique interaction control structure. This OBJECT / ACTION control structure, the display picture description syntax and the hardware independent handling of input devices are the main features of the language, providing excellent graphical input response and drawing facilities. The device independent input / output structure permits the implementation of a portable language syntax, since there are no references to display hardware devices. All display references are performed through a virtual terminal. This paper contains a detailed description of the main features of the language and these features are illustrated in an example 'IMAGE' program.

关键词： Display devices

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design considerations for microprogramming languages 74

Design considerations for microprogramming languages

引用

1974 National Computer conference, AFIPS 1974

作者： Lloyd, Gregory R. Van Dam, Andries Brown University ProvidenceRI United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450379205

Historically, microprograms have been developed using tools which are appropriate to logic designers (block diagrams, register transfer languages), or systems programmers (microcode assemblers). With the growth of user microprogramming, and the increased demands placed upon computer manufacturers for firmware support, improved tools and techniques have been suggested. In particular, microprogram compilers, i.e., compilers which translate high level source statements into sequences of microprogram control words, have been proposed and implemented. The larger issue to be faced is the nebulous task of supporting the needs of a community which includes: Manufacturers developing one particular computer (target machine) using microprogramming as a design and implementation technique. Manufacturers developing a computersystem, integrating hardware, operating systems, and programming language support, utilizing microprogramming to tie system functions together. Users developing their own target machines tailored to applications such as computer graphics, signal processing, or interpretation of higher level languages. Users or manufacturers who utilize hardware which is microprogrammable to directly solve one or more specific problems, without formally defining a target machine (i.e., simply programming the hardware, or host machine). © acm-conference. All rights reserved.

关键词： Microprogramming

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Integrated design

Integrated design

引用

1973 acm sigplan - SIGOPS Interface Meeting: programming languages - Operating Systems

作者： Habermann, A.N. University of Newcastle Upon Tyne United Kingdom

Matters of design, analysis and documentation of a programming System are frequently ordered sequentially in time and distributed over independent groups of people. It is argued that, instead, these three aspects should be integrated into one production effort in which documentation is the primary issue. The language that is used for implementation must not dominate the description of the system because a system should not be defined and understood in terms of its implementation. Using such a language throughout documentation and design is on the one hand too restrictive because the language is bound to lack expressive power, but on the other hand it is too demanding because it forces to go into details that may be irrelevant for a description at hand. © 1973 Association for Computing Machinery. All rights reserved.

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SPIL: A language for construction of reliable system software

SPIL: A Language for construction of reliable system softwar...

引用

1973 acm sigplan - SIGOPS Interface Meeting: programming languages - Operating Systems

作者： Liskov, Barbara H. Smith, Leroy A. Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA United States MITRE Corporation BedfordMA United States

Structured programming is gaining wide acceptance as a technique for increasing the reliability and understandability of software. Nowhere is the need for better software felt more keenly than in the area of systems programming. In the near future it is likely that systems will be programmed in structured programming languages, just as systems have been programmed in higher level languages in the past. This paper describes SPIL: a structured programming language intended to be used for system design and implementation. The paper discusses how the objectives of structured programming and system programming may be realized in a programming language, and delineates the influence of the objectives on the design of SPIL. The most important features of the language are briefly described. The paper concludes by evaluating SPIL as a language for system design and implementation. © 1973 Association for Computing Machinery. All rights reserved.

关键词： Systems analysis

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SPECL: A system programming dialect of ECL

SPECL: A system programming dialect of ECL

引用

1973 acm sigplan - SIGOPS Interface Meeting: programming languages - Operating Systems

作者： Udin, David Harvard University Center for Computing Technology CambridgeMA United States

The SPECL programming system is an attempt to combine the characteristics of an implementation language with those desirable for verifiability (human and mechanical) and transportability. The former requires efficient code generation and access to hardware;the latter requires a highly structured language and isolation of machine dependencies. SPECL will be embedded in the ECL programming system, which currently includes an interpreter and compatible compiler for the extensible language EL1, and a set of tools for debugging, metering, and verification. The SPECL compiler (under design) will restrict the semantics of EL1 to eliminate the need for run-time support and type checking, and couple specification of machine representation of modes and operators with the EL1 definitional mechanism to enable generation of efficient object code. © 1973 Association for Computing Machinery. All rights reserved.

关键词： Semantics

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Hierarchical language definition

Hierarchical language definition

引用

1973 acm sigplan - SIGOPS Interface Meeting: programming languages - Operating Systems

作者： Bochmann, Gregor V. Dept Informatique U. De Montréal Canada

This paper describes a project for the hierarchical definition and implementation of languages. In the spirit of structured programming [ 1] and in analogy to the hierarchical construction of operating systems t 2, 3] we define high level languages, which are suitable for the design of operating and other software systems, in several levels of abstraction. In particular, we describe in this paper how an intermediate, machine independent basic language can be used to express the actions of a given high level language in terms of simple actions of the basic language. In conjunction with a translator writing system, this allows a compact and readable formal definition of the syntax and semantics [4, 5] of the high level language, which is in fact a description of the compiler which translates this language into the basic language. This definition is independent of a particular computer, however, an implementation of the basic language must be furnished. We intend to use the basic language to describe modules which are embedded in a general system for multiple processes. The language consists of a kind of macro instructions most of which can be implemented in a straight forward manner. Some more complicated instructions, such as primitives for interprocess communication, can be implemented through a hierarchical construction process [2, 3] as indicated in section III (see also figure 1). © 1973 Association for Computing Machinery. All rights reserved.

关键词： Semantics

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A systems implementation language for small computers

A systems implementation language for small computers

引用

1973 acm sigplan - SIGOPS Interface Meeting: programming languages - Operating Systems

作者： Friedman, Frank L. Schneider, Victor B. Department of Computer Science Purdue University West LafayetteIN47907 United States

This paper concerns the development of a family of higher level languages which are to serve as the target languages in the decompiling of assembler coded modules of small computer operating systems. The main objective is the design of a machine independent language to serve as the nucleus of these higher level languages, each of which will ultimately have to possess characteristics unique to the operating system for which it was designed. The work involved in the development of the nucleus language is part of a research effort intended to show that debugged assembler coded systems programs for *** class of byte-oriented machines can be concisely represented in a higher level language and that this higher level representation can be easily moved from one machine in this class to another. It is our primary purpose here to describe the main features of the nucleus language, and, where space permits, to suggest some of the reasons why these features were included. © 1973 Association for Computing Machinery. All rights reserved.

关键词： Computer operating systems

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A minisystem programming language 73

A minisystem programming language

引用

1973 Annual acm conference/Annual Meeting, acm 1973

作者： Lechner, Robert Stallings, William Honeywell Information Systems Inc. United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450374903

TRAIL is a block-structured language and programming system for the development of programming support systems and translators for problem-oriented languages on minicomputers. The programming system includes an interpreter for an intermediate language (IL) into which various source languages (including TRAIL itself) may be translated. The interpreter size is about 1400 bytes. The choice of an interpreted target language was guided by the objectives of minimum object code size and machine independence of the developed software. Both of these have been achieved, at the expense of a 20:1 slowdown of execution speed relative to directly assembled code. The interpreted object code is at least 50% smaller than assembly code. The source language was designed to match the requirements of language translator software;software design directly models syntax checking, context-free translation, and context-sensitive translation aspects, in ascending order of complexity. Anticipated benefits include greater productivity in design and debug phases, and enhanced communication between programmers via simplified documentation procedures. © 1973 Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Software design

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