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Persistency for Synchronization-Free Regions 2018

Persistency for Synchronization-Free Regions

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39th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI)

作者： Gogte, Vaibhav Diestelhorst, Stephan Wang, William Narayanasamy, Satish Chen, Peter M. Wenisch, Thomas F. Univ Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Arm Res Cambridge England

ISBN: (纸本)9781450356985

Nascent persistent memory (PM) technologies promise the performance of DRAM with the durability of disk, but how best to integrate them into programming systems remains an open question. Recent work extends language memory models with a persistency model prescribing semantics for updates to PM. These semantics enable programmers to design data structures in PM that are accessed like memory and yet are recoverable upon crash or failure. Alas, we find the semantics and performance of existing approaches unsatisfying. Existing approaches require high-overhead mechanisms, are restricted to certain synchronization constructs, provide incomplete semantics, and/or may recover to state that cannot arise in fault-free execution. We propose persistency semantics that guarantee failure atomicity of synchronization-free regions (SFRs) -program regions delimited by synchronization operations. Our approach provides clear semantics for the PM state recovery code may observe and extends C++11's "sequential consistency for data-race-free" guarantee to post-failure recovery code. We investigate two designs for failure-atomic SFRs that vary in performance and the degree to which commit of persistent state may lag execution. We demonstrate both approaches in LLVM v3.6.0 and compare to a state-of-the-art baseline to show performance improvement up to 87.5% (65.5% avg).

关键词： Persistent memories persistency models language memory models failure-atomicity synchronization-free regions

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To-Many or To-One? All-in-One! Efficient Purely Functional Multi-maps with Type-Heterogeneous Hash-Tries 2018

To-Many or To-One? All-in-One! Efficient Purely Functional M...

引用

39th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI)

作者： Steindorfer, Michael J. Vinju, Jurgen J. Delft Univ Technol Delft Netherlands Ctr Wiskunde & Informat Amsterdam Netherlands TU Eindhoven Eindhoven Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9781450356985

An immutable multi-map is a many-to-many map data structure with expected fast insert and lookup operations. This data structure is used for applications processing graphs or many-to-many relations as applied in compilers, runtimes of programming languages, or in static analysis of object-oriented systems. Collection data structures are assumed to carefully balance execution time of operations with memory consumption characteristics and need to scale gracefully from a few elements to multiple gigabytes at least. When processing larger in-memory data sets the overhead of the data structure encoding itself becomes a memory usage bottleneck, dominating the overall performance. In this paper we propose AXIOM, a novel hash-trie data structure that allows for a highly efficient and type-safe multi-map encoding by distinguishing inlined values of singleton sets from nested sets of multi-mappings. AXIOM strictly generalizes over previous hash-trie data structures by supporting the processing of fine-grained type-heterogeneous content on the implementation level (while API and language support for type-heterogeneity are not scope of this paper). We detail the design and optimizations of AXIOM and further compare it against state-of-the-art immutable maps and multi-maps in Java, Scala and Clojure. We isolate key differences using microbenchmarks and validate the resulting conclusions on a case study in static analysis. AXIOM reduces the key-value storage overhead by 1.87 x;with specializing and inlining across collection boundaries it improves by 5.1 x.

关键词： Data structures persistent data structures functional programming hashtable multi-map many-to-many relation graph optimization performance JVM

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Symbolic Reasoning for Automatic Signal Placement 2018

Symbolic Reasoning for Automatic Signal Placement

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39th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI)

作者： Ferles, Kostas Van Geffen, Jacob Dillig, Isil Smaragdakis, Yannis Univ Texas Austin Austin TX 78712 USA Univ Athens Athens Greece

ISBN: (纸本)9781450356985

Explicit signaling between threads is a perennial cause of bugs in concurrent programs. While there are several runtime techniques to automatically notify threads upon the availability of some shared resource, such techniques are not widely-adopted due to their run-time overhead. This paper proposes a new solution based on static analysis for automatically generating a performant explicit-signal program from its corresponding implicit-signal implementation. The key idea is to generate verification conditions that allow us to minimize the number of required signals and unnecessary context switches, while guaranteeing semantic equivalence between the source and target programs. We have implemented our method in a tool called Expresso and evaluate it on challenging benchmarks from prior papers and open-source software. Expresso-generated code significantly outperforms past automatic signaling mechanisms (avg. 1.56x speedup) and closely matches the performance of hand-optimized explicit-signal code.

关键词： Implicit signal monitors concurrent programming symbolic reasoning verification conditions abductive reasoning monitor invariant

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A Domain-Specific language for Exploratory Data Visualization 2018

A Domain-Specific Language for Exploratory Data Visualizatio...

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17th acm sigplan International conference on Generative programming - Concepts and Experiences (GPCE) part of the SPLASH Collection of conferences and Workshops

作者： Smeltzer, Karl Erwig, Martin Oregon State Univ Corvallis OR 97331 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450360456

With an ever-growing amount of collected data, the importance of visualization as an analysis component is growing in concert. The creation of good visualizations often doesn't happen in one step but is rather an iterative and exploratory process. However, this process is currently not well supported in most of the available visualization tools and systems. Visualization authors are forced to commit prematurely to particular design aspects of their creations, and when exploring potential variant visualizations, they are forced to adopt ad hoc techniques such as copying code snippets or keeping a collection of separate files. We propose variational visualizations as a model supporting open-ended exploration of the design space of information visualization. Together with that model, we present a prototype implementation in the form of a domain-specific language embedded in Purescript.

关键词： Data Visualization Exploratory programming

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Polyhedral Auto-transformation with No Integer Linear programming 2018

Polyhedral Auto-transformation with No Integer Linear Progra...

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39th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI)

作者： Acharya, Aravind Bondhugula, Uday Cohen, Albert Indian Inst Sci Dept Comp Sci & Automat Bangalore Karnataka India INRIA Paris France DI Ecole Normale Super Paris France

ISBN: (纸本)9781450356985

State-of-the-art algorithms used in automatic polyhedral transformation for parallelization and locality optimization typically rely on Integer Linear programming (ILP). This poses a scalability issue when scaling to tens or hundreds of statements, and may be disconcerting in production compiler settings. In this work, we consider relaxing integrality in the ILP formulation of the Pluto algorithm, a popular algorithm used to find good affine transformations. We show that the rational solutions obtained from the relaxed LP formulation can easily be scaled to valid integral ones to obtain desired solutions, although with some caveats. We first present formal results connecting the solution of the relaxed LP to the original Pluto ILP. We then show that there are difficulties in realizing the above theoretical results in practice, and propose an alternate approach to overcome those while still leveraging linear programming. Our new approach obtains dramatic compile-time speedups for a range of large benchmarks. While achieving these compile-time improvements, we show that the performance of the transformed code is not sacrificed. Our approach to automatic transformation provides a mean compilation time improvement of 5.6x over state-of-the-art on relevant challenging benchmarks from the NAS PB, SPEC CPU 2006, and PolyBench suites. We also came across situations where prior frameworks failed to find a transformation in a reasonable amount of time, while our new approach did so instantaneously.

关键词： Polyhedral transformation Pluto algorithm

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proceedings of the acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI)

Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Lan...

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36th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI 2015

ISBN: (纸本)9781450334686

The proceedings contain 59 papers. The topics discussed include: automatic error elimination by horizontal code transfer across multiple applications;mechanized verification of fine-grained concurrent programs;algorithmic debugging of real-world Haskell programs: deriving dependencies from the cost centre stack;light: replay via tightly bounded recording;provably correct peephole optimizations with alive;automatically improving accuracy for floating point expressions;diagnosing type errors with class;verification of producer-consumer synchronization in GPU programs;verification of a cryptographic primitive: SHA-256;asynchronous programming, analysis and testing with state machines;laminarIR: compile-time queues for structured streams;optimizing off-chip accesses in multicores;improving compiler scalability: optimizing large programs at small price;verifying read-copy-update in a logic for weak memory;and stateless model checking concurrent programs with maximal causality reduction.

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A Domain-Specific language for Microservices 9

A Domain-Specific Language for Microservices

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9th acm sigplan International Symposium on Scala (Scala) as part of the acm sigplan International conference on Functional programming (ICFP)

作者： Donham, Jacob Twitter Inc San Francisco CA 94103 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450358361

A common architectural pattern for complex online systems is a collection of "microservices" communicating via RPC interfaces. A service architecture provides autonomy for teams to develop, deploy, and operate system modules without centralized coordination. But this autonomy comes at a cost in leverage-the fixed costs of running a service are high, and the desire to avoid them can lead to poor design choices. In this paper we describe Strato, a system built at Twitter that runs many microservices hosted in a shared service platform-trading a little autonomy for a lot of leverage. Hosted microservices are written in a Scala-like DSL that supports transparent concurrency and native access to Thrift data (the common currency of services at Twitter). The DSL compiles to a concurrency library written in Scala with an arrows-based interface. We detail the design and implementation of the DSL and concurrency library, and evaluate the effectiveness of Strato in improving leverage at Twitter.

关键词： Scala microservices

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PMAF: An Algebraic Framework for Static Analysis of Probabilistic Programs 2018

PMAF: An Algebraic Framework for Static Analysis of Probabil...

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39th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI)

作者： Wang, Di Hoffmann, Jan Reps, Thomas Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Univ Wisconsin Madison WI 53706 USA GrammaTech Inc Ithaca NY USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450356985

Automatically establishing that a probabilistic program satisfies some property phi is a challenging problem. While a sampling-based approach-which involves running the program repeatedly-can suggest that phi holds, to establish that the program satisfies phi, analysis techniques must be used. Despite recent successes, probabilistic static analyses are still more difficult to design and implement than their deterministic counterparts. This paper presents a framework, called PMAF, for designing, implementing, and proving the correctness of static analyses of probabilistic programs with challenging features such as recursion, unstructured control-flow, divergence, nondeterminism, and continuous distributions. PMAF introduces pre-Markov algebras to factor out common parts of different analyses. To perform interprocedural analysis and to create procedure summaries, PMAF extends ideas from non-probabilistic interprocedural dataflow analysis to the probabilistic setting. One novelty is that PMAF is based on a semantics formulated in terms of a control-flow hypergraph for each procedure, rather than a standard control-flow graph. To evaluate its effectiveness, PMAF has been used to reformulate and implement existing intraprocedural analyses for Bayesian-inference and the Markov decision problem, by creating corresponding interprocedural analyses. Additionally, PMAF has been used to implement a new interprocedural linear expectation-invariant analysis. Experiments with benchmark programs for the three analyses demonstrate that the approach is practical.

关键词： Program analysis probabilistic programming expectation invariant pre-Markov algebra

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SWOOP: Software-Hardware Co-design for Non-speculative, Execute-Ahead, In-Order Cores 2018

SWOOP: Software-Hardware Co-design for Non-speculative, Exec...

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39th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI)

作者： Tran, Kim-Anh Jimborean, Alexandra Carlson, Trevor E. Koukos, Konstantinos Sjalander, Magnus Kaxiras, Stefanos Uppsala Univ Uppsala Sweden Natl Univ Singapore Singapore Singapore Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol NTNU Trondheim Norway

ISBN: (纸本)9781450356985

Increasing demands for energy eiciency constrain emerging hardware. These new hardware trends challenge the established assumptions in code generation and force us to rethink existing software optimization techniques. We propose a cross-layer redesign of the way compilers and the underlying microarchitecture are built and interact, to achieve both performance and high energy eiciency. In this paper, we address one of the main performance bottlenecksDlast-level cache misses-through a software-hardware co-design. Our approach is able to hide memory latency and attain increased memory and instruction level parallelism by orchestrating a non-speculative, execute-ahead paradigm in software (SWOOP). While out-of-order (OoO) architectures attempt to hide memory latency by dynamically reordering instructions, they do so through expensive, power-hungry, speculative mechanisms. We aim to shift this complexity into software, and we build upon compilation techniques inherited from VLIW, software pipelining, modulo scheduling, decoupled access-execution, and software prefetching. In contrast to previous approaches we do not rely on either software or hardware speculation that can be detrimental to eiciency. Our SWOOP compiler is enhanced with lightweight architectural support, thus being able to transform applications that include highly complex control-low and indirect memory accesses. The efectiveness of our software-hardware co-design is proven on the most limited but energy-eicient micro-architectures, non-speculative, in-order execution (InO) cores, which rely entirely on compile-time instruction scheduling. We show that (1) our approach achieves its goal in hiding the latency of the last-level cache misses and improves performance by 34% and energy eiciency by 23% over the baseline InO core, competitive with an oracle InO core with a perfect last-level cache;(2) can even exceed the performance of the oracle core, by exposing a higher degree of memory and instruction level

关键词： hardware-software co-design compilers memory level parallelism

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MORBIG: A Static Parser for POSIX Shell 11

MORBIG: A Static Parser for POSIX Shell

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11th acm sigplan International conference on Software language Engineering (SLE) part of SPLASH conference

作者： Regis-Gianas, Yann Jeannerod, Nicolas Treinen, Ralf Univ Paris Diderot CNRS INRIA IRIFPI R2 Paris France Univ Paris Diderot CNRS IRIF Ecole Normale Super Paris France Univ Paris Diderot CNRS IRIF Paris France

ISBN: (纸本)9781450360296

The POSIX shell language defies conventional wisdom of compiler construction on several levels: The shell language was not designed for static parsing, but with an intertwining of syntactic analysis and execution by expansion in mind. Token recognition cannot be specified by regular expressions, lexical analysis depends on the parsing context and the evaluation context, and the shell grammar given in the specification is ambiguous. Besides, the unorthodox design choices of the shell language fit badly in the usual specification languages used to describe other programming languages. This makes the standard usage of LEX and YACC as a pipeline inadequate for the implementation of a parser for POSIX shell. The existing implementations of shell parsers are complex and use low-level character-level parsing code which is difficult to relate to the POSIX specification. We find it hard to trust such parsers, especially when using them for writing automatic verification tools for shell scripts. This paper offers an overview of the technical difficulties related to the syntactic analysis of the POSIX shell language. It also describes how we have resolved these difficulties using advanced parsing techniques (namely speculative parsing, parser state introspection, context-dependent lexical analysis and longest-prefix parsing) while keeping the implementation at a sufficiently high level of abstraction so that experts can check that the POSIX standard is respected. The resulting tool, called MORBIG, is an open-source static parser for a well-defined and realistic subset of the POSIX shell language.

关键词： Parsing POSIX shell functional programming

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