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Orchestrating the execution of stream programs on multicore platforms

acm sigplan NOTICES 2008年第6期43卷 114-124页

作者： Kudlur, Manjunath Mahlke, Scott Univ Michigan Adv Comp Architecture Lab Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA

While multicore hardware has become ubiquitous, explicitly parallel programming models and compiler techniques for exploiting parallelism on these systems have noticeably lagged behind. Stream programming is one model that has wide applicability in the multimedia, graphics, and signal processing domains. Streaming models execute as a set of independent actors that explicitly communicate data through channels. This paper presents a compiler technique for planning and orchestrating the execution of streaming applications on multicore platforms. An integrated unfolding and partitioning step based on integer linear programming is presented that unfolds data parallel actors as needed and maximally packs actors onto cores. Next, the actors are assigned to pipeline stages in such a way that all communication is maximally overlapped with computation on the cores. To facilitate experimentation, a generalized code generation template for mapping the software pipeline onto the Cell architecture is presented. For a range of streaming applications, a geometric mean speedup of 14.7x is achieved on a 16-core Cell platform compared to a single core.

关键词： languages algorithms performance StreamIt cell processor multicore stream programming software pipelining

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EventScript: An event-processing language based on regular expressions with actions

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2008年第7期43卷 111-120页

作者： Cohen, Norman H. Kalleberg, Karl Trygve IBM Thomas J Watson Res Ctr Hawthorne NY USA Univ Bergen N-5020 Bergen Norway

EventScript is a simple but powerful language for programming reactive processes. A stream of incoming events is matched against a regular expression. Actions embedded within the regular expression are executed in response to the matching of patterns of events. These actions include assigning computed values to variables and emitting output events. The definition of EventScript presented a number of novel and interesting language-design choices. EventScript has an efficient implementation, and has been used in a development environment for complex event-based applications. We have used EventScript to program both small examples and large industrial applications. Readers of EventScript programs find them easy to understand, and are comfortable with the familiar model of matching regular expressions.

关键词： algorithms performance design experimentation languages theory event processing regular expressions reactive programs sensors actuators

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Sketching concurrent data structures

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2008年第6期43卷 136-148页

作者： Solar-Lezama, Armando Jones, Christopher Grant Bodik, Rastislav Univ Calif Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA

We describe PSKETCH, a program synthesizer that helps programmers implement concurrent data structures. The system is based on the concept of sketching, a form of synthesis that allows programmers to express their insight about an implementation as a partial program: a sketch. The synthesizer automatically completes the sketch to produce an implementation that matches a given correctness criteria. PSKETCH is based on a new counterexample-guided inductive synthesis algorithm (CEGIS) that generalizes the original sketch synthesis algorithm from [ 20] to cope efficiently with concurrent programs. The new algorithm produces a correct implementation by iteratively generating candidate implementations, running them through a verifier, and if they fail, learning from the counterexample traces to produce a better candidate;converging to a solution in a handful of iterations. PSKETCH also extends SKETCH with higher-level sketching constructs that allow the programmer to express her insight as a "soup" of ingredients from which complicated code fragments must be assembled. Such sketches can be viewed as syntactic descriptions of huge spaces of candidate programs ( over 1 0 8 candidates for some sketches we resolved). We have used the PSKETCH system to implement several classes of concurrent data structures, including lock-free queues and concurrent sets with fine-grained locking. We have also sketched some other concurrent objects including a sense-reversing barrier and a protocol for the dining philosophers problem;all these sketches resolved in under an hour.

关键词： languages design sketching synthesis concurrency SAT SPIN

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A study of concurrent real-time garbage collectors

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2008年第6期43卷 33-44页

作者： Pizlo, Filip Petrank, Erez Steensgaard, Bjarne Purdue Univ W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Microsoft Res Redmond WA 98052 USA

Concurrent garbage collection is highly attractive for real-time systems, because offloading the collection effort from the executing threads allows faster response, allowing for extremely short deadlines at the microseconds level. Concurrent collectors also offer much better scalability over incremental collectors. The main problem with concurrent real-time collectors is their complexity. The first concurrent real-time garbage collector that can support fine synchronization, STOPLESS, has recently been presented by Pizlo et al. In this paper, we propose two additional ( and different) algorithms for concurrent real-time garbage collection: CLOVER and CHICKEN. Both collectors obtain reduced complexity over the first collector STOPLESS, but need to trade a benefit for it. We study the algorithmic strengths and weaknesses of CLOVER and CHICKEN and compare them to STOPLESS. Finally, we have implemented all three collectors on the Bartok compiler and runtime for C# and we present measurements to compare their efficiency and responsiveness.

关键词： algorithms design performance reliability

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A practical automatic polyhedral parallelizer and locality optimizer

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2008年第6期43卷 101-113页

作者： Bondhugula, Uday Hartono, Albert Ramanujam, J. Sadayappan, P. Ohio State Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Columbus OH 43210 USA Louisiana State Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA Louisiana State Univ CCT Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA

We present the design and implementation of an automatic polyhedral source-to-source transformation framework that can optimize regular programs ( sequences of possibly imperfectly nested loops) for parallelism and locality simultaneously. Through this work, we show the practicality of analytical model-driven automatic transformation in the polyhedral model-far beyond what is possible by current production compilers. Unlike previous works, our approach is an end-to-end fully automatic one driven by an integer linear optimization framework that takes an explicit view of finding good ways of tiling for parallelism and locality using affine transformations. The framework has been implemented into a tool to automatically generate OpenMP parallel code from C program sections. Experimental results from the tool show very high speedups for local and parallel execution on multi-cores over state-of-the-art compiler frameworks from the research community as well as the best native production compilers. The system also enables the easy use of powerful empirical/iterative optimization for general arbitrarily nested loop sequences.

关键词： algorithms design experimentation performance automatic parallelization locality optimization polyhedral model loop transformations affine transformations tiling

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design and evaluation of a compiler for embedded stream programs

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2008年第7期43卷 131-140页

作者： Newton, Ryan R. Girod, Lewis D. Craig, Michael B. Madden, Samuel R. Morrisett, J. Greg MIT CSAIL Cambridge MA 02139 USA Harvard Univ Cambridge MA 02138 USA

Applications that combine live data streams with embedded, parallel, and distributed processing are becoming more commonplace. WaveScript is a domain-specific language that brings high-level, type-safe, garbage-collected programming to these domains. This is made possible by three primary implementation techniques, each of which leverages characteristics of the streaming domain. First, we employ a novel evaluation strategy that uses a combination of interpretation and reification to partially evaluate programs into stream dataflow graphs. Second, we use profile-driven compilation to enable many optimizations that are normally only available in the synchronous (rather than asynchronous) dataflow domain. Finally, we incorporate an extensible system for rewrite rules to capture algebraic properties in specific domains (such as signal processing). We have used our language to build and deploy a sensor-network for the acoustic localization of wild animals, in particular, the Yellow-Bellied marmot. We evaluate WaveScript's performance on this application, showing that it yields good performance on both embedded and desktop-class machines, including distributed execution and substantial parallel speedups. Our language allowed us to implement the application rapidly, while outperforming a previous C implementation by over 35%, using fewer than half the lines of code. We evaluate the contribution of our optimizations to this success.

关键词： design languages performance stream processing language sensor networks

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Relational aspects as tracematches 08

Relational aspects as tracematches

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7th International conference on Aspect-Oriented Software Development, AOSD.08

作者： Bodden, Eric Shaikh, Reehan Hendren, Laurie School of Computer Science McGill University Montréal QC Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781605580449

The relationships between objects in an object-oriented program are an essential property of the program's design and implementation. Two previous approaches to implement relationships with aspects were association aspects, an AspectJ-based language extension, and the relationship aspects library. While those approaches greatly ease software development, we believe that they are not general enough. For instance, the library approach only works for binary relationships, while the language extension does not allow for the association of primitive values or values from non-weavable classes. Hence, in this work we propose a generalized alternative implementation via a direct reduction to tracematches, a language feature for executing an advice after having matched a sequence of events. This new implementation scheme yields multiple benefits. Firstly, our implementation is more general than existing ones, avoiding most previous limitations. It also yields a new language construct, relational tracematches. We provide an efficient implementation based on the AspectBench Compiler, along with test cases and microbenchmarks. Our empirical studies showed that our implementation, when compared to previous approaches, uses a similar memory footprint with no leaking, but the generality of our approach does lead to some runtime overhead. We believe that our implementation can provide a solid foundation for future research. Copyright © 2008 acm.

关键词： Aspect oriented programming

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Automatic volume management for programmable microfluidics

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2008年第6期43卷 56-67页

作者： Amin, Ahmed M. Thottethodi, Mithuna Vijaykumar, T. N. Wereley, Steven Jacobson, Stephen C. Purdue Univ Sch Elect & Comp Engn W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Purdue Univ Sch Mech Engn W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Indiana Univ Dept Chem Bloomington IN 47405 USA

Microfluidics has enabled lab-on-a-chip technology to miniaturize and integrate biological and chemical analyses to a single chip comprising channels, valves, mixers, heaters, separators, and sensors. Recent papers have proposed programmable labs-on-a-chip as an alternative to traditional application-specific chips to reduce design effort, time, and cost. While these previous papers provide the basic support for programmability, this paper identifies and addresses a practical issue, namely, fluid volume management. Volume management addresses the problem that the use of a fluid depletes it and unless the given volume of a fluid is distributed carefully among all its uses, execution may run out of the fluid before all its uses are complete. Additionally, fluid volumes should not overflow (i.e., exceed hardware capacity) or underflow (i.e., fall below hardware resolution). We show that the problem can be formulated as a linear programming problem ( LP). Because LP's complexity and slow execution times in practice may be a concern, we propose another approach, called DAGSolve, which over-constrains the problem to achieve linear complexity while maintaining good solution quality. We also propose two optimizations, called cascading and static replication, to handle cases involving extreme mix ratios and numerous fluid uses which may defeat both LP and DAGSolve. Using some real-world assays, we show that our techniques produce good solutions while being faster than LP.

关键词： algorithms design microfluidics programmable lab-on-a-chip fluid volume management

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XMem: Type-safe, transparent, shared memory for cross-runtime communication and coordination

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2008年第6期43卷 327-338页

作者： Wegiel, Michal Krintz, Chandra Univ Calif Santa Barbara Dept Comp Sci Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA

Developers commonly build contemporary enterprise applications using type-safe, component-based platforms, such as J2EE, and architect them to comprise multiple tiers, such as a web container, application server, and database engine. Administrators increasingly execute each tier in its own managed runtime environment (MRE) to improve reliability and to manage system complexity through the fault containment and modularity offered by isolated MRE instances. Such isolation, however, necessitates expensive cross-tier communication based on protocols such as object serialization and remote procedure calls. Administrators commonly co-locate communicating MREs on a single host to reduce communication overhead and to better exploit increasing numbers of available processing cores. However, state-of-the-art MREs offer no support for more efficient communication between co-located MREs, while fast inter-process communication mechanisms, such as shared memory, are widely available as a standard operating system service on most modern platforms. To address this growing need, we present the design and implementation of XMem - type-safe, transparent, shared memory support for co-located MREs. XMem guarantees type-safety through coordinated, parallel, multi-process class loading and garbage collection. To avoid introducing any level of indirection, XMem manipulates virtual memory mapping. In addition, object sharing in XMem is fully transparent: shared objects are identical to local objects in terms of field access, synchronization, garbage collection, and method invocation, with the only difference being that shared-to-private pointers are disallowed. XMem facilitates easy integration and use by existing communication technologies and software systems, such as RMI, JNDI, JDBC, serialization/XML, and network sockets. We have implemented XMem in the open-source, production-quality HotSpot Java Virtual Machine. Our experimental evaluation, based on core communication technologies un

关键词： design experimentation languages management measurement performance interprocess communication managed runtimes shared memory transparent type-safe garbage collection synchronization class loading parallel

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Merge: A programming model for heterogeneous multi-core systems

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acm sigplan NOTICES 2008年第3期43卷 287-296页

作者： Linderman, Michael D. Collins, Jamison D. Wang, Hong Meng, Teresa H. Stanford Univ Dept Elect Engn Stanford CA 94305 USA Intel Corp Microarchitecture Res Lab Santa Cruz CA USA

In this paper we propose the Merge framework, a general purpose programming model for heterogeneous multi-core systems. The Merge framework replaces current ad hoc approaches to parallel programming on heterogeneous platforms with a rigorous, library-based methodology that can automatically distribute computation across heterogeneous cores to achieve increased energy and performance efficiency. The Merge framework provides (1) a predicate dispatch-based library system for managing and invoking function variants for multiple architectures;(2) a high-level, library-oriented parallel language based on map-reduce;and (3) a compiler and runtime which implement the map-reduce language pattern by dynamically selecting the best available function implementations for a given input and machine configuration. Using a generic sequencer architecture interface for heterogeneous accelerators, the Merge framework can integrate function variants for specialized accelerators, offering the potential for to-the-metal performance for a wide range of heterogeneous architectures, all transparent to the user. The Merge framework has been prototyped on a heterogeneous platform consisting of an Intel Core 2 Duo CPU and an 8-core 32-thread Intel Graphics and Media Accelerator X3000, and a homogeneous 32-way Unisys SNIP system with Intel Xeon processors. We implemented a set of benchmarks using the Merge framework and enhanced the library with X3000 specific implementations, achieving speedups of 3.6x - 8.5x using the X3000 and 5.2x - 22x using the 32-way system relative to the straight C reference implementation on a single IA32 core.

关键词： performance design languages heterogeneous multi-core GPGPU predicate dispatch

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