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1995 acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI 1995

作者： Wilson, Robert P. Lam, Monica S. Computer Systems Laboratory Stanford University CA94305 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897916972

This paper proposes an efficient technique for con-extsensitive pointer analysis that is applicable to real C programs. For efficiency, we summarize the effects of procedures using partial tran$er func(ions. A partial transfer function (PTF) describes the behavior of a procedure assuming that certain alias relationships hold when it is called. We cart reuse aPTF in many calling contexts as long as the aliases among the inputs to the procedure are the same. Our empirical results demonstrate that this technique is successful-a single PTF per procedure is usually sufficient to obtain completely context-sensitive results. Because many C programs use features such as type casts and pointer arithmetic to circumvent the high-level type system, our algorithm is based on a low-level representation of memory locations that safely handles all the features of C. We have implemented our algorithm in the SUIF compiler system and efficiently for a set of C benchmarks. © 1995 acm.

关键词： C (programming language)

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A region-based compilation technique for a Java just-in-time compiler 03

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conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Suganuma, T Yasue, T Nakatani, T IBM Japan Ltd Tokyo Res Lab Yamato 2428502 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781581136623

Method inlining and data flow analysis are two major optimization components for effective program transformations, however they often suffer from the existence of rarely or never executed code contained in the target method. One major problem lies in the assumption that the compilation unit is partitioned at method boundaries. This paper describes the design and implementation of a region-based compilation technique in our dynamic compilation system, in which the compiled regions are selected as code portions without rarely executed code. The key part of this technique is the region selection, partial inlining, and region exit handling. For region selection, we employ both static heuristics and dynamic profiles to identify rare sections of code. The region selection process and method inlining decision are interwoven, so that method inlining exposes other targets for region selection, while the region selection in the inline target conserves the inlining budget, leading to more method inlining. Thus the inlining process can be performed for parts of a method, not for the entire body of the method. When the program attempts to exit from a region boundary, we trigger recompilation and then rely on on-stack replacement to continue the execution from the corresponding entry point in the recompiled code. We have implemented these techniques in our Java JIT compiler, and conducted a comprehensive evaluation. The experimental results show that the approach of region-based compilation achieves approximately 5% performance improvement on average, while reducing the compilation overhead by 20 to 30%, in comparison to the traditional function-based compilation techniques.

关键词： performance design experimentation measurement languages region-based compilation dynamic compilers partial inlining on-stack replacement

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A Context-free Markup language for Semi-structured Text 10

A Context-free Markup Language for Semi-structured Text

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acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Xi, Qian Walker, David Princeton Univ Princeton NJ 08544 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450300193

An ad hoc data format is any nonstandard, semi-structured data format for which robust data processing tools are not easily available. In this paper, we present ANNE, a new kind of markup language designed to help users generate documentation and data processing tools for ad hoc text data. More specifically, given a new ad hoc data source, an ANNE programmer edits the document to add a number of simple annotations, which serve to specify its syntactic structure. Annotations include elements that specify constants, optional data, alternatives, enumerations, sequences, tabular data, and recursive patterns. The ANNE system uses a combination of user annotations and the raw data itself to extract a context-free grammar from the document. This context-free grammar can then be used to parse the data and transform it into an XML parse tree, which may be viewed through a browser for analysis or debugging purposes. In addition, the ANNE system generates a PADS/ML description [19], which may be saved as lasting documentation of the data format or compiled into a host of useful data processing tools. In addition to designing and implementing ANNE, we have devised a semantic theory for the core elements of the language. This semantic theory describes the editing process, which translates a raw, unannotated text document into an annotated document, and the grammar extraction process, which generates a context-free grammar from an annotated document. We also present an alternative characterization of system behavior by drawing upon ideas from the field of relevance logic. This secondary characterization, which we call relevance analysis, specifies a direct relationship between unannotated documents and the context-free grammars that our system can generate from them. Relevance analysis allows us to prove important theorems concerning the expressiveness and utility of our system.

关键词： Domain-specific languages Tool Generation Ad Hoc Data PADS ANNE

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Fault-tolerant typed assembly language 07

Fault-tolerant typed assembly language

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conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Perry, Frances Mackey, Lester Reis, George A. Ligatti, Jay August, David I. Walker, David Princeton Univ Dept Comp Sci & Elect Engn Princeton NJ 08544 USA Univ S Florida Dept Comp Sci & Comp Engn Tampa FL 33620 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781595936332

A transient hardware fault occurs when an energetic particle strikes a transistor, causing it to change state. Although transient faults do not permanently damage the hardware, they may corrupt computations by altering stored values and signal transfers. In this paper, we propose a new scheme for provably safe and reliable computing in the presence of transient hardware faults. In our scheme, software computations are replicated to provide redundancy while special instructions compare the independently computed results to detect errors before writing critical data. In stark contrast to any previous efforts in this area, we have analyzed our fault tolerance scheme from a formal, theoretical perspective. To be specific, first, we provide an operational semantics for our assembly language, which includes a precise formal definition of our fault model. Second, we develop an assembly-level type system designed to detect reliability problems in compiled code. Third, we provide a formal specification for program fault tolerance under the given fault model and prove that all well-typed programs are indeed fault tolerant. In addition to the formal analysis, we evaluate our detection scheme and show that it only takes 34% longer to execute than the unreliable version.

关键词： languages reliability theory verification transient hardware faults soft faults fault tolerance type systems typed assembly language

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A Verified Compiler for a Functional Tensor language

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proceedings OF THE acm ON programming languageS-PacmPL 2024年第PLDI期8卷 320-342页

作者： Liu, Amanda Bernstein, Gilbert Chlipala, Adam Ragan-Kelley, Jonathan MIT 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA Univ Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA

Producing efficient array code is crucial in high-performance domains like image processing and machine learning. It requires the ability to control factors like compute intensity and locality by reordering computations into different stages and granularities with respect to where they are stored. However, traditional pure, functional tensor languages struggle to do so. In a previous publication, we introduced ATL as a pure, functional tensor language capable of systematically decoupling compute and storage order via a set of high-level combinators known as reshape operators. Reshape operators are a unique functional-programming construct since they manipulate storage location in the generated code by modifying the indices that appear on the left-hand sides of storage expressions. We present a formal correctness proof for an implementation of the compilation algorithm, marking the first verification of a lowering algorithm targeting imperative loop nests from a source functional language that enables separate control of compute and storage ordering. One of the core difficulties of this proof required properly formulating the complex invariants to ensure that these storage-index remappings were well-formed. Notably, this exercise revealed a soundness bug in the original published compilation algorithm regarding the truncation reshape operators. Our fix is a new type system that captures safety conditions that were previously implicit and enables us to prove compiler correctness for well-typed source programs. We evaluate this type system and compiler implementation on a range of common programs and optimizations, including but not limited to those previously studied to demonstrate performance comparable to established compilers like Halide.

关键词： functional programming array programming formal verification type systems tensors

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Semantic Soundness for language Interoperability 2022

Semantic Soundness for Language Interoperability

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43rd acm sigplan International conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI)

作者： Patterson, Daniel Mushtak, Noble Wagner, Andrew Ahmed, Amal Northeastern Univ Boston MA 02115 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450392655

Programs are rarely implemented in a single language, and thus questions of type soundness should address not only the semantics of a single language, but how it interacts with others. Even between type-safe languages, disparate features can frustrate interoperability, as invariants from one language can easily be violated in the other. In their seminal 2007 paper, Matthews and Findler proposed a multi-language construction that augments the interoperating languages with a pair of boundaries that allow code from one language to be embedded in the other. While this technique has been widely applied, their syntactic source-level interoperability doesn't reflect practical implementations, where the behavior of interaction is only defined after compilation to a common target, and any safety must be ensured by target invariants or inserted target-level "glue code." In this paper, we present a novel framework for the design and verification of sound language interoperability that follows an interoperation-after-compilation strategy. language designers specify what data can be converted between types of the two languages via a convertibility relation tau(A) similar to tau(B) ("tau(A) is convertible to tau(B)") and specify target-level glue code implementing the conversions. Then, by giving a semantic model of source-language types as sets of target-language terms, they can establish not only the meaning of the source types, but also soundness of conversions: i.e., whenever tau(A) similar to tau(B), the corresponding pair of conversions (glue code) convert target terms that behave like tau(A) to target terms that behave like tau(B), and vice versa. With this, they can prove semantic type soundness for the entire system. We illustrate our framework via a series of case studies that demonstrate how our semantic interoperation-after-compilation approach allows us both to account for complex differences in language semantics and make efficiency trade-offs based on particulariti

关键词： language interoperability type soundness semantics logical relations

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Perl 6: Reconciling the Irreconcilable 07

Perl 6: Reconciling the Irreconcilable

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34th acm sigplan-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of programming languages

作者： Tang, Audrey Pugscode Org Taipei Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9781595935755

Perl is a general-purpose language, known for its vast number of freely available libraries. The Perl 6 project was started to improve the language's support for multi-paradigmatic programming, while retaining compatibility with the existing code base. This talk discusses how Perl 6 attempts to reconcile various competing paradigms in the field of programming language design, such as static vs. dynamic typechecking, nominal vs. structural subtyping, prototype vs. class-based objects, and lazy vs. eager evaluation. Moreover, this talk also covers the design and development of Pugs, a self-hosting Perl 6 implementation bootstrapped from Haskell, targeting multiple runtime environments, including Perl 5, JavaScript and Parrot.

关键词： design Experimentation Human factors languages Reliability

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A type-based compiler for standard ML 95

A type-based compiler for standard ML

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1995 acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI 1995

作者： Shao, Zhong Appelt, Andrew W. Yale University United States Princeton University United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897916972

Compile-time type information should be valuable in efficient compilation of statically typed functional languages such as Standard ML. But how should type-directed compilation work in real compilers, and how much performance gain will type-based optimization yield? In order to support more efficient data representations and gain more experience about type-directed compilation, we have implemented a new type-based middle end and back end for the Standard ML of New Jersey compiler. We describe the basic design of the new compiler, Identify a number of practical issues, and then compare the performance of our new compiler with the old non-type-based compiler. Our measurement shows that a combination of several simple type-based optimlzations reduces heap allocation by 36%: And improves the already-efficient code generated by the old non-type-based compiler by about 19% on a DECstation 5000. © 1995 acm.

关键词： Functional programming

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DSLs in Racket: YouWant It How, Now? 17

DSLs in Racket: YouWant It How, Now?

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17th acm sigplan International conference on Software language Engineering (SLE)

作者： Lee, Yunjeong Gopinathan, Kiran Yang, Ziyi Flatt, Matthew Sergey, Ilya Natl Univ Singapore Singapore Singapore Univ Utah Salt Lake City UT USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798400711800

Domain-Specific languages (DSLs) are a popular way to simplify and streamline programmatic solutions of commonly occurring yet specialized tasks. While the design of frameworks for implementing DSLs has been a popular topic of study in the research community, significantly less attention has been given to studying how those frameworks end up being used by practitioners and assessing utility of their features for building DSLs "in the wild". In this paper, we conduct such a study focusing on a particular framework for DSL construction: the Racket programming language. We provide (a) a novel taxonomy of language design intents enabled by Racket-embedded DSLs, and (b) a classification of ways to utilize Racket's mechanisms that make the implementation of those intents possible. We substantiate our taxonomy with an analysis of 30 popular Racket-based DSLs, discussing how they make use of the available mechanisms and accordingly achieve their design intents. The taxonomy serves as a reusable measure that can help language designers to systematically develop, compare, and analyze DSLs in Racket as well as other frameworks.

关键词： domain-specific languages meta-programming

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Spreadsheet Table Transformations from Examples 11

Spreadsheet Table Transformations from Examples

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32nd acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI 11)

作者： Harris, William R. Gulwani, Sumit Univ Wisconsin Dept Comp Sci Madison WI 53706 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450306638

Every day, millions of computer end-users need to perform tasks over large, tabular data, yet lack the programming knowledge to do such tasks automatically. In this work, we present an automatic technique that takes from a user an example of how the user needs to transform a table of data, and provides to the user a program that implements the transformation described by the example. In particular, we present a language of programs TableProg that can describe transformations that real users require. We then present an algorithm ProgFrornEx that takes an example input and output table, and infers a program in TableProg that implements the transformation described by the example. When the program is applied to the example input, it reproduces the example output. When the program is applied to another, potentially larger, table with a "similar" layout as the example input table, then the program produces a corresponding table with a layout that is similar to the example output table. A user can apply ProgFrornEx interactively, providing multiple small examples to obtain a program that implements the transformation that the user desires. Moreover, ProgFromEx can help identify "noisy" examples that contain errors. To evaluate the practicality of TableProg and ProgFromEx, we implemented ProgFromEx as a module for the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet program. We applied the module to automatically implement over 50 table transformations specified by end-users through examples on online Excel help forums. In seconds, ProgFromEx found programs that satisfied the examples and could be applied to larger input tables. This experience demonstrates that TableProg and ProgFromEx can significantly automate the tasks over tabular data that users need to perform.

关键词： Program Synthesis End-user programming programming by Example Spreadsheet programming Table Manipulation User Intent

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