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Automatically closing open reactive programs

Automatically closing open reactive programs

引用

proceedings of the 1998 Annual acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Colby, Christopher Godefroid, Patrice Jagadeesan, Lalita Jategaonkar Loyola Univ Chicago Chicago United States

We study in this paper the problem of analyzing implementations of open systems - systems in which only some of the components are present. We present an algorithm for automatically dosing an open concurrent reactive system with its most general environment, i.e., the environment that can provide any input at any time to the system. The result is a nondeterministic closed (i.e., self-executable) system which can exhibit all the possible reactive behaviors of the original open system. These behaviors can then be analyzed using VeriSoft, an existing tool for systematically exploring the state spaces of closed systems composed of multiple (possibly nondeterministic) processes executing arbitrary code. We have implemented the techniques introduced in this paper in a prototype tool for automatically closing open programs written in the C programming language. We discuss preliminary experimental results obtained with a large telephone-switching software application developed at Lucent Technologies.

关键词： Computer systems programming

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implementation of the Cilk-5 multithreaded language

Implementation of the Cilk-5 multithreaded language

引用

proceedings of the 1998 Annual acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Frigo, Matteo Leiserson, Charles E. Randall, Keith H. MIT Lab for Computer Science Cambridge MA United States

The fifth release of the multithreaded language Cilk uses a provably good `work-stealing' scheduling algorithm similar to the first system, but the language has been completely redesigned and the runtime system completely reengineered. The efficiency of the new implementation was aided by a clear strategy that arose from a theoretical analysis of the scheduling algorithm: concentrate on minimizing overheads that contribute to the work, even at the expense of overheads that contribute to the critical path. Although it may seem counterintuitive to move overheads onto the critical path, this `work-first' principle has led to a portable Cilk-5 implementation in which the typical cost of spawning a parallel thread is only between 2 and 6 times the cost of a C function call on a variety of contemporary machines. Many Cilk programs run on one processor with virtually no degradation compared to equivalent C programs. This paper describes how the work-first principle was exploited in the design of Cilk-5's compiler and its runtime system. In particular, we present Cilk-5's novel `two-clone' compilation strategy and its Dijkstra-like mutual-exclusion protocol for implementing the ready deque in the work-stealing scheduler.

关键词： Computer programming languages

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implementation and evaluation of fusion and contraction in array languages

Implementation and evaluation of fusion and contraction in a...

引用

proceedings of the 1998 Annual acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Lewis, E.Christopher Lin, Calvin Snyder, Lawrence Univ of Washington Seattle WA United States

Array languages such as Fortran 90, HPF and ZPL have many benefits in simplifying array-based computations and expressing data parallelism. However, they can suffer large performance penalties because they introduce intermediate arrays - both at the source level and during the compilation process - which increase memory usage and pollute the cache. Most compilers address this problem by simply scalarizing the array language and relying on a scalar language compiler to perform loop fusion and array contraction. We instead show that there are advantages to performing a form of loop fusion and array contraction at the array level. This paper describes this approach and explains its advantages. Experimental results show that our scheme typically yields runtime improvements of greater than 20% and sometimes up to 400%. In addition, it yields superior memory use when compared against commercial compilers and exhibits comparable memory use when compared with scalar languages. We also explore the interaction between these transformations and communication optimizations.

关键词： FORTRAN (programming language)

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Study of dead data members in C++ applications

Study of dead data members in C++ applications

引用

proceedings of the 1998 Annual acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Sweeney, Peter P. Tip, Frank IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Cent Yorktown Heights United States

Object-oriented applications may contain data members that can be removed from the application without affecting program behavior. Such `dead' data members may occur due to unused functionality in class libraries, or due to the programmer losing track of member usage as the application changes over time. We present a simple and efficient algorithm for detecting dead data members in C++ applications. This algorithm has been implemented using a prototype version of the IBM VisualAge C++ compiler, and applied to a number of realistic benchmark programs ranging from 600 to 58,000 lines of code. For the non-trivial benchmarks, we found that up to 27.3% of the data members in the benchmarks are dead (average 12.5%), and that up to 11.6% of the object space of these applications may be occupied by dead data members at run-time (average 4.4%).

关键词： C (programming language)

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Communication optimizations for parallel C programs 98

Communication optimizations for parallel C programs

引用

proceedings of the 1998 Annual acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Zhu, Yingchun Hendren, Laurie J. McGill Univ Montreal Que Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9780897919876

This paper presents algorithms for reducing the communication overhead for parallel C programs that use dynamically-allocated data structures. The framework consists of an analysis phase called possible-placement analysis, and a transformation phase called communication selection. The fundamental idea of possible-placement analysis is to find all possible points for insertion of remote memory operations. Remote reads are propagated upwards, whereas remote writes are propagated downwards. Based on the results of the possible-placement analysis, the communication selection transformation selects the `best' place for inserting the communication, and determines if pipelining or blocking of communication should be performed. The framework has been implemented in the EARTH-McCAT optimizing/parallelizing C compiler, and experimental results are presented for five pointer-intensive benchmarks running on the EARTH-MANNA distributed-memory parallel architecture. These experiments show that the communication optimization can provide performance improvements of up to 16% over the unoptimized benchmarks.

关键词： C (programming language)

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Proper tail recursion and space efficiency 98

Proper tail recursion and space efficiency

引用

proceedings of the 1998 Annual acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Clinger, William D. Northeastern Univ Boston MA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780897919876

The IEEE/ANSI standard for Scheme requires implementations to be properly tail recursive. This ensures that portable code can rely upon the space efficiency of continuation-passing style and other idioms. On its face, proper tail recursion concerns the efficiency of procedure calls that occur within a tall context. When examined closely, proper tail recursion also depends upon the fact that garbage collection can be asymptotically more space-efficient than Algol-like stack allocation. Proper tail recursion is not the same as ad hoc tail call optimization in stack-based languages. Proper tail recursion often precludes stack allocation of variables, but yields a well-defined asymptotic space complexity that can be relied upon by portable programs. This paper offers a formal and implementation-independent definition of proper tail recursion for Scheme. It also shows how an entire family of reference implementations can be used to characterize related safe-for-space properties, and proves the asymptotic inequalities that hold between them.

关键词： Computer systems programming

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Run-time code generation and modal-ML 98

Run-time code generation and modal-ML

引用

proceedings of the 1998 Annual acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Wickline, Philip Lee, Peter Pfenning, Frank Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780897919876

This paper presents a typed programming language and compiler for run-time code generation. The language, called ML, extends ML with modal operators in the style of the Mini-MLe language of Davies and Pfenning. ML allows programmers to use types to specify precisely the stages of computation in a program. The types also guide the compiler in generating target code that exploits the staging information through the use of run-time code generation. The target machine is currently a version of the Categorical Abstract Machine, called the CCAM, which we have extended with facilities for run-time code generation. This approach allows the programmer to express the staging that he wants directly to the compiler. It also provides a typed framework in which to verify the correctness of his staging intentions, and to discuss his staging decisions with other programmers. Finally, it supports in a natural way multiple stages of run-time specialization, so that dynamically generated code can be used in the generation of yet further specialized code. This paper presents an overview of the language, with several examples of programs that illustrate key concepts and programming techniques. Then, it discusses the CCAM and the compilation of ML programs into CCAM code. Finally, the results of some experiments are shown, to demonstrate the benefits of this style of run-time code generation for some applications.

关键词： Computer programming languages

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Using integer sets for data-parallel program analysis and optimization

Using integer sets for data-parallel program analysis and op...

引用

proceedings of the 1998 Annual acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Adve, Vikram Mellor-Crummey, John Rice Univ Houston United States

In this paper, we describe our experience with using an abstract integer-set framework to develop the Rice dHPF compiler, a compiler for High Performance Fortran. We present simple, yet general formulations of the major computation partitioning and communication analysis tasks as well as a number of important optimizations in terms of abstract operations on sets of integer tuples. This approach has made it possible to implement a comprehensive collection of advanced optimizations in dHPF, and to do so in the context of a more general computation partitioning model than previous compilers. One potential limitation of the approach is that the underlying class of integer set problems is fundamentally unable to represent HPF data distributions on a symbolic number of processors. We describe how we extend the approach to compile codes for a symbolic number of processors, without requiring any changes to the set formulations for the above optimizations. We show experimentally that the set representation is not a dominant factor in compile times on both small and large codes. Finally, we present preliminary performance measurements to show that the generated code achieves good speedups for a few benchmarks. Overall, we believe we are the first to demonstrate by implementation experience that it is practical to build a compiler for HPF using a general and powerful integer-set framework.

关键词： FORTRAN (programming language)

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Improving performance by branch reordering 98

Improving performance by branch reordering

引用

proceedings of the 1998 Annual acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Yang, Minghui Uh, Gang-Ryung Whalley, David B. Florida State Univ Tallahassee FL United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780897919876

The conditional branch has long been considered an expensive operation. The relative cost of conditional branches has increased as recently designed machines are now relying on deeper pipelines and higher multiple issue. Reducing the number of conditional branches executed can often result in a substantial performance benefit. This paper describes a code-improving transformation to reorder sequences of conditional branches. First, sequences of branches that can be reordered are detected in the control flow. Second, profiling information is collected to predict the probability that each branch will transfer control out of the sequence. Third, the cost of performing each conditional branch is estimated. Fourth, the most beneficial ordering of the branches based on the estimated probability and cost is selected. The most beneficial ordering often included the insertion of additional conditional branches that did not previously exist in the sequence. Finally, the control flow is restructured to reflect the new ordering. The results of applying the transformation were significant reductions in the dynamic number of instructions and branches, as well as decreases in execution time.

关键词： Computer systems programming

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Scalable cross-module optimization

Scalable cross-module optimization

引用

proceedings of the 1998 Annual acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI

作者： Ayers, Andrew de Jong, Stuart Peyton, John Schooler, Richard Hewlett-Packard Massachusetts Language Lab Chelmsford United States

Large applications are typically partitioned into separately compiled modules. Large performance gains in these applications are available by optimizing across module boundaries. One barrier to applying cross-module optimization (CMO) to large applications is the potentially enormous amount of time and space consumed by the optimization process. We describe a framework for scalable CMO that provides large gains in performance on applications that contain millions of lines of code. Two major techniques are described. First, careful management of in-memory data structures results in sub-linear memory occupancy when compared to the number of lines of code being optimized. Second, profile data is used to focus optimization effort on the performance-critical portions of applications. We also present practical issues that arise in deploying this framework in a production environment. These issues include debuggability and compatibility with existing development tools, such as make. Our framework is deployed in Hewlett-Packard's (HP) UNIX compiler products and speeds up shipped independent software vendors' applications by as much as 71%.

关键词： Program compilers

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