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acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI 1988

作者： Baillance, Robert A. Butcher, Jacob Graham, Susan L. Computer Science Division-EECS University of California BerkeleyCA94 720 United States Department of Computer Science University of New Mexico AlbuquerqueNM87131 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897912691

Processors for programming languages and other formal languages typically use a concrete syntax to describe the user's view of a program and an abstract syntax to represent language structures internally. Grammatical abstraction is defined as a relationship between two context-free grammars. It formalizes the notion of one syntax being "more abstract" than another. Two variants of abstraction are presented. Weak grammatical abstraction supports (i) the construction during LR parsing of an internal representation that is closely related to the abstract syntax and (ii) incremental LR parsing using that internal representation as its base, Strong grammatical abstraction tightens the correspondence so that top-down construction of incrementally-parsable internal representations is possible. These results arise from an investigation into language-based editing systems, but apply to any program that transforms a linguistic object from a representation in its concrete syntax to, a representation in its abstract syntax or vice versa. © 1988 acm.

关键词： Context free grammars

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Dynamic program slicing 90

Dynamic program slicing

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proceedings of the acm sigplan '90 conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Agrawal, Hiralal Horgan, Joseph R. Purdue Univ West Lafayette United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897913647

Program slices are useful in debugging, testing, maintenance, and understanding of programs. The conventional notion of a program slice, the static slice, is the set of all statements that might affect the value of a given variable occurrence. In this paper, we investigate the concept of the dynamic slice consisting of all statements that actually affect the value of a variable occurrence for a given program input. The sensitivity of dynamic slicing to particular program inputs makes it more useful in program debugging and testing than static slicing. Several approaches for computing dynamic slices are examined. The notion of a Dynamic Dependence Graph and its use in computing dynamic slices is discussed. The Dynamic Dependence Graph may be unbounded in length;therefore, we introduce the economical concept of a Reduced Dynamic Dependence Graph, which is proportional in size to the number of dynamic slices arising during the program execution.

关键词： Computer programming

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Unfold/fold transformations and loop optimization of logic programs 88

Unfold/fold transformations and loop optimization of logic p...

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acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, PLDI 1988

作者： Debray, Saumya K. Department of Computer Science University of Arizona TucsonAZ85721 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897912691

Programs typically spend much of their execution time in loops. This makes the generation of efficient code for loops essential for good performance. Loop optimization of logic programming languages is complicated by the fact that such languages lack the iterative constructs of traditional languages, and instead use recursion to express loops. In this paper, we examine the application of unfold/fold transformations to three kinds of loop optimization for logic programming languages: recursion removal, loop fusion and code motion out of loops. We describe simple unfold/fold transformation sequences for these optimizations that can be automated relatively easily. In the process, we show that the properties of unification and logical variables can sometimes be used to generalize, from traditional languages, the conditions under which these optimizations may be carried out. Our experience suggests that such source-level transformations may he used as an effective tool for the optimization of logic programs. © 1988 acm.

关键词： Logic programming

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A Study of Real-World Data Races in Golang 2022

A Study of Real-World Data Races in Golang

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43rd acm sigplan International conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI)

作者： Chabbi, Milind Ramanathan, Murali Krishna Uber Technol Inc Programming Syst Grp Sunnyvale CA 94086 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450392655

The concurrent programming literature is rich with tools and techniques for data race detection. Less, however, has been known about real-world, industry-scale deployment, experience, and insights about data races. Golang (Go for short) is a modern programming language that makes concurrency a first-class citizen. Go offers both message passing and shared memory for communicating among concurrent threads. Go is gaining popularity in modern microservice-based systems. Data races in Go stand in the face of its emerging popularity. In this paper, using our industrial codebase as an example, we demonstrate that Go developers embrace concurrency and show how the abundance of concurrency alongside language idioms and nuances make Go programs highly susceptible to data races. Google's Go distribution ships with a built-in dynamic data race detector based on ThreadSanitizer. However, dynamic race detectors pose scalability and flakiness challenges;we discuss various software engineering trade-offs to make this detector work effectively at scale. We have deployed this detector in Uber's 46 million lines of Go codebase hosting 2100 distinct microservices, found over 2000 data races, and fixed over 1000 data races, spanning 790 distinct code patches submitted by 210 unique developers over a six-month period. Based on a detailed investigation of these data race patterns in Go, we make seven high-level observations relating to the complex interplay between the Go language paradigm and data races.

关键词： Data race Golang Dynamic analysis

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Software meta-language engineering and CBS

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JOURNAL OF COMPUTER languageS 2019年 50卷 39-48页

作者： Mosses, Peter D. Swansea Univ Dept Comp Sci Computat Foundry Bay Campus Swansea SA1 8EN W Glam Wales Delft Univ Technol Programming Languages EEMCS POB 5031 NL-2600 GA Delft Netherlands

The SLE conference series is devoted to the engineering principles of software languages: their design, their implementation, and their evolution. This paper is about the role of language specification in SLE. A precise specification of a software language needs to be written in a formal meta-language, and it needs to co-evolve with the specified language. Moreover, different software languages often have features in common, which should provide opportunities for reuse of parts of language specifications. Support for co-evolution and reuse in a meta-language requires careful engineering of its design. The author has been involved in the development of several meta-languages for semantic specification, including action semantics and modular variants of structural operational semantics (MSOS, I-MSOS). This led to the PLanCompS project, and to the design of its meta-language, CBS, for component-based semantics. CBS comes together with an extensible library of reusable components called 'funcons', corresponding to fundamental programming constructs. The main aim of CBS is to optimise co-evolution and reuse of specifications during language development, and to make specification of language semantics almost as straightforward as context-free syntax specification. The paper discusses the engineering of a selection of previous meta-languages, assessing how well they support co-evolution and reuse. It then gives an introduction to CBS, and illustrates significant features. It also considers whether other current meta-languages might also be used to define an extensible library of funcons for use in component-based semantics.

关键词： Semantics of programming languages Meta-languages Modularity

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Efficient discovery of regular stride patterns in irregular programs and its use in compiler prefetching

Efficient discovery of regular stride patterns in irregular ...

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conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI 02)

作者： Wu, YF Intel Labs Programming Syst Res Santa Clara CA 95052 USA

Irregular data references are difficult to prefetch, as the future memory address of a load instruction is hard to anticipate by a compiler. However, recent studies as well as our experience indicate that some important load instructions in irregular programs contain stride access patterns. Although the load instructions with stride patterns are difficult to identify with static compiler techniques, we developed an efficient profiling method to discover these load instructions. The new profiling method integrates the profiling for stride information and the traditional profiling for edge frequency into a single profiling pass. The integrated profiling pass runs only 17% slower than the frequency profiling alone. The collected stride information helps the compiler to identify load instructions with stride patterns that can be prefetched efficiently and beneficially. We implemented the new profiling and prefetching techniques in a research compiler for Itanium(TM) Processor Family (IPF), and obtained significant performance improvement for the SPECINT2000 programs running on Itanium machines. For example, we achieved a 1.59x speedup for *** 1.14x for ***, and 1.08x for ***. We also showed that the performance gain is stable across input data sets. These benefits make the new profiling and prefetching techniques suitable for production compilers.

关键词： languages performance design experimentation algorithms integrated stride and frequency profiling data prefetching strongly single-strided loads phased multi-strided loads performance evaluation

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Demand-driven pointer analysis 01

Demand-driven pointer analysis

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acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (PLDI)

作者： Heintze, N Tardieu, O Ecole Mines Paris France

ISBN: (纸本)9781581134148

Known algorithms for pointer analysis are "global" in the sense that-they perform an exhaustive analysis of a program or program component. In this paper we introduce a demand-driven approach for pointer analysis. Specifically, we describe a demand-driven flow-insensitive, subset-based, context-insensitive points-to analysis. Given a list of pointer variables (a query), our analysis performs just enough computation to determine the points-to sets for these query variables. Using deductive reachability formulations of both the exhaustive and the demand-driven analyses, we prove that our algorithm is correct. We also show that our analysis is optimal in the sense that it does not do more work than necessary. We illustrate the feasibility and efficiency of our analysis with an implementation of demand-driven points-to analysis for computing the call-graphs of C programs with function pointers. The performance of our system varies substantially across benchmarks - the main factor is how much of the points-to graph must be computed to determine the call-graph. For some benchmarks, only a small part of the points-to graph is needed (e.g povray, emacs and gee), and here we see more than a 10x speedup. For other benchmarks (e.g. burlap and gimp), we need to compute most (> 95%) of the points-to graph, and here the demand-driven algorithm is considerably slower, because using the demand-driven algorithm is a slow method of computing the full points-to graph.

关键词： Computer programming languages

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Backstage Java Making a Difference in Metaprogramming 11

Backstage Java Making a Difference in Metaprogramming

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2011 acm International conference on Object Oriented programming Systems languages and Applications

作者： Palmer, Zachary Smith, Scott F. Johns Hopkins Univ Baltimore MD 21218 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450309400

We propose Backstage Java (BSJ), a Java language extension which allows algorithmic, contextually-aware generation and transformation of code. BSJ explicitly and concisely represents design patterns and other encodings by employing compile-time metaprogramming: a practice in which the programmer writes instructions which are executed over the program's AST during compilation. While compile-time metaprogramming has been successfully used in functional languages such as Template Haskell, a number of language properties (scope, syntactic structure, mutation, etc.) have thus far prevented this theory from translating to the imperative world. BSJ uses the novel approach of difference-based metaprogramming to provide an imperative programming style amenable to the Java community and to enforce that metaprograms are consistent and semantically unambiguous. To make the feasibility of BSJ metaprogramming evident, we have developed a compiler implementation and numerous working code examples.

关键词： languages design Java metaprogramming macros design patterns software merging difference-based metaprogramming

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EventScript: An Event-Processing language Based on Regular Expressions with Actions 08

EventScript: An Event-Processing Language Based on Regular E...

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conference on languages, Compilers and Tools for Embedded Systems

作者： Cohen, Norman H. Kalleberg, Karl Trygve IBM Thomas J Watson Res Ctr Hawthorne NY USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781605581040

EventScript is a simple but powerful language for programming reactive processes. A stream of incoming events is matched against a regular expression. Actions embedded within the regular expression are executed in response to the matching of patterns of events. These actions include assigning computed values to variables and emitting output events. The definition of EventScript presented a number of novel and interesting language-design choices. EventScript has an efficient implementation, and has been used in a development environment for complex event-based applications. We have used EventScript to program both small examples and large industrial applications. Readers of EventScript programs find them easy to understand, and are comfortable with the familiar model of matching regular expressions.

关键词： event processing regular expressions reactive programs sensors actuators

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Dependent types in practical programming

Conference Record of the Annual ACM Symposium on Principles ...

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conference Record of the Annual acm Symposium on Principles of programming languages 1999年 214-227页

作者： Xi, Hongwei Pfenning, Frank Oregon Graduate Inst of Science and Technology Beaverton OR United States

We present an approach to enriching the type system of ML with a restricted form of dependent types, where type index objects are drawn from a constraint domain C, leading to the DML(C) language schema. This allows specification and inference of significantly more precise type information, facilitating program error detection and compiler optimization. A major complication resulting from introducing dependent types is that pure type inference for the enriched system is no longer possible, but we show that type-checking a sufficiently annotated program in DML(C) can be reduced to constraint satisfaction in the constraint domain C. We exhibit the unobtrusiveness of our approach through practical examples and prove that DML(C) is conservative over ML. The main contribution of the paper lies in our language design, including the formulation of type-checking rules which makes the approach practical. To our knowledge, no previous type system for a general purpose programming language such as ML has combined dependent types with features including datatype declarations, higher-order functions, general recursions, let-polymorphism, mutable references, and exceptions. In addition, we have finished a prototype implementation of DML(C) for an integer constraint domain C, where constraints are linear inequalities (Xi and Pfenning 1998).

关键词： Computer programming languages

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